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•Nanosized SnO2 photocatalysts were prepared with a precipitation method.•SnO2 nanoparticles displayed high photocatalytic activities for the MB degradation.•OH radicals are the main ...active species in photocatalysis on the SnO2 nanoparticles.
Nanosized SnO2 photocatalysts were prepared with a precipitation method and were characterized by performing transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The powder XRD results revealed that the SnO2 nanoparticles have a typical tetragonal rutile (cassiterite) structure and the average crystallite size was found to be approximately 4.5nm by using the Debye–Scherrer equation. The prepared SnO2 nanoparticles consist of agglomerated particles with a mean diameter of around 4–5nm according to the analysis of TEM images. The XAS data confirmed that the prepared samples have cassiterite structures with tin oxidation state of +4. The prepared SnO2 nanoparticles were found to exhibit approximately 3.8 times higher activity than bulk SnO2 in the photodegradation of methylene blue. On the basis of a trapping experiment, we developed a possible mechanism for the photodegradation on SnO2 nanoparticles.
Generating images of artistic style from input images, also known as image style transfer, has been improved in the quality of output style and the speed of image generation since deep neural ...networks have been applied in the field of computer vision research. However, the previous approaches used feature alignment techniques that were too simple in their transform layer to cover the characteristics of style features of images. In addition, they used an inconsistent combination of transform layers and loss functions in the training phase to embed arbitrary styles in a decoder network. To overcome these shortcomings, the second-order statistics of the encoded features are exploited to build an optimal arbitrary image style transfer technique. First, a new correlation-aware loss and a correlation-aware feature alignment technique are proposed. Using this consistent combination of loss and feature alignment methods strongly matches the second-order statistics of content features to those of the target-style features and, accordingly, the style capacity of the decoder network is increased. Secondly, a new component-wise style controlling method is proposed. This method can generate various styles from one or several style images by using style-specific components from second-order feature statistics. We experimentally prove that the proposed method achieves improvements in both the style capacity of the decoder network and the style variety without losing the ability of real-time processing (less than 200 ms) on Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) devices.
•SnO2–CNT nanocomposites were prepared with thiolated CNTs.•SnO2–CNTs displayed high photocatalytic activities for MB and MO degradation.•The incorporated CNTs acted as electrical conductors.•A ...plausible photocatalytic mechanism is proposed.
Tin oxide–carbon nanotube (SnO2–CNT) nanocomposites were prepared by depositing SnO2 nanoparticles onto thiolated CNT surfaces to develop highly efficient photocatalysts. The structure of SnO2–CNTs was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity of the sample was benchmarked using the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solution under UV–vis light irradiation. The SnO2–CNTs exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activities compared with bulk SnO2, SnO2 nanoparticles, and commercial P25 TiO2. The enhanced activity was ascribed to the CNT addition. The presence of CNTs effectively suppressed an electron–hole recombination and favored a reactant and product mass transport. A plausible photocatalytic mechanism is proposed.
•CCCP induces mitochondrial dysfunction.•Mitochondrial dynamics-related genes are increased.•Drp1 interacts with PGAM5 to trigger mitohpagy.•PGAM5 regulates PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
...Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are critical processes for regulating mitochondrial homeostasis. Phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5) is a mitochondrial protein that plays crucial roles in apoptosis and necroptosis, but the roles of PGAM5 in mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of PGAM5 in carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)-induced mitochondrial damage and the correlation between mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy using SH-SY5Y cells. We found that CCCP decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. CCCP increased PGAM5, dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) expression of the mitochondrial fraction in a time-dependent manner. Knockdown of PGAM5 inhibited DRP1 translocation without a change in OPA1 expression in CCCP-treated cells. Furthermore, knockdown of PGAM5 and DRP1 significantly blocked the increase of PTEN-induced putative protein kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin expression in the mitochondrial fraction of CCCP-treated cells. Interestingly, CCCP did not alter PINK1/Parkin expression in the mitochondrial fraction of OPA1 knockdown cells. Inhibiting mitophagy by PGAM5 knockdown accelerated CCCP-induced apoptosis. CCCP treatment also results in PINK1 stabilization on the mitochondrial membrane, which subsequently increases Parkin recruitment from the cytosol to abnormal mitochondria. In addition, we found that CCCP increased the level of mitochondrial LC3II, indicating that Parkin recruitment of PINK1 is a result of mitophagy. We propose that activation of PGAM5 is associated with DRP1 recruitment and PINK1 stabilization, which contribute to the modulation of mitophagy in CCCP-treated cells with mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, we demonstrated that PGAM5 regulates PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy, which can exert a neuroprotective effect against CCCP-induced apoptosis.
Recent image style transfer methods use a pre-trained convolutional neural network as their feature encoder. However, the pre-trained network is not optimal for image style transfer but rather for ...image classification. Furthermore, they require time-consuming feature alignment to consider the existing correlation among channels of the encoded feature map. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end learning method that optimizes both encoder and decoder networks for style transfer task and relieves the computational complexity of the existing correlation-aware feature alignment. First, we performed end-to-end learning that updates not only decoder but also encoder parameters for the task of image style transfer in the network training phase. Second, in addition to the previous style and content losses, we use uncorrelation loss, i.e., the total correlation coefficient among responses of encoder channels. Our uncorrelation loss allows the encoder network to generate a feature map of channels without correlation. Subsequently, our method results in faster forward processing with only a light-weighted transformer of correlation-unaware feature alignment. Moreover, our method drastically reduced the channel redundancy of the encoded feature during the network training process. This provides us a possibility to perform channel elimination with negligible degradation in generated style quality. Our method is applicable to multiple scaled style transfer by using the cascade network scheme and allows a user to control style strength through the usage of a content-style trade-off parameter.
•End-to-end learning improving style-representing performance of encoded feature map.•A new uncorrelation loss for eliminating correlation between feature map channels.•A huge channel redundancy reduction for encoder/decoder in training procedure.•State-of-the-arts image style transfer in both quality and processing speed.•Compatibility with the previous style transfer architectures.
The development of recent image style transfer methods allows the quick transformation of an input content image into an arbitrary style. However, these methods have a limitation that the ...scale-across style pattern of a style image cannot be fully transferred into a content image. In this paper, we propose a new style transfer method, named total style transfer, that resolves this limitation by utilizing intra/inter-scale statistics of multi-scaled feature maps without losing the merits of the existing methods. First, we use a more general feature transform layer that employs intra/inter-scale statistics of multi-scaled feature maps and transforms the multi-scaled style of a content image into that of a style image. Secondly, we generate a multi-scaled stylized image by using only a single decoder network with skip-connections, in which multi-scaled features are merged. Finally, we optimize the style loss for the decoder network in the intra/inter-scale statistics of image style. Our improved total style transfer can generate a stylized image with a scale-across style pattern from a pair of content and style images in one forwarding pass. Our method achieved less memory consumption and faster feed-forwarding speed compared with the recent cascade scheme and the lowest style loss among the recent style transfer methods.
Background:
In cases of recurrent anterior shoulder instability with a glenoid defect, Latarjet procedures are widely used for stabilization. Although complications with this procedure have been ...reported, few studies have comprehensively analyzed issues related to the Latarjet procedure.
Purpose:
To identify the overall complication rate of the Latarjet procedure used for anterior shoulder instability and to compare the rate of complications between arthroscopic and open approaches.
Study Design:
Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.
Methods:
PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed by using the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Data on complications were extracted and classified as intraoperative, postoperative, or instability-related for further analysis. Quality assessments were performed with criteria from the Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies (MINORS). A quantitative synthesis of data was conducted to compare the complication rates between arthroscopic and open approaches.
Results:
A total of 35 articles were included in this analysis. The MINORS score was 11.89. A total 2560 Latarjet procedures (2532 patients) were included. The overall complication rate was 16.1% (n = 412). The intraoperative complication rate was 3.4% (n = 87) and included a 1.9% (n = 48) incidence of nerve injuries and a 1.0% (n = 25) incidence of iatrogenic fractures. Screw problems, vascular injuries, and conversion arthroscopic to open surgery each occurred at a rate of <1%. The postoperative complication rate was 6.5% (n = 166), and the most common complication was nonunion (1.3%; n = 33). The instability-related complication rate was 6.2% (n = 159) and included a 1.5% (n = 38) rate of redislocation, a 2.9% (n = 75) rate of positive apprehension test, and a 1.0% (n = 26) rate of instability. Overall, 2.6% (n = 66) of patients required an unplanned secondary operation after the initial surgery. The arthroscopic approach was associated with a higher rate of intraoperative complications compared with the open approach (5.0% vs 2.9%; P =.020) and a lower rate of instability-related complications (3.1% vs 7.2%; P < .001).
Conclusion:
The Latarjet procedure for anterior shoulder instability results in an overall complication rate of 16.1% and a reoperation rate of 2.6%. However, serious complications at short-term follow-up appear rare. When the arthroscopic approach was used, the rate of intraoperative complications was higher, although instability-related complications were lower when compared with the open approach.
Recent image-style transfer methods use the structure of a VGG feature network to encode and decode the feature map of the image. Since the network is designed for the general image-classification ...task, it has a number of channels and, accordingly, requires a huge amount of memory and high computational power, which is not mandatory for such a relatively simple task as image-style transfer. In this paper, we propose a new technique to size down the previously used style transfer network for eliminating the redundancy of the VGG feature network in memory consumption and computational cost. Our method automatically finds a number of consistently inactive convolution channels during the network training phase by using two new losses, i.e., channel loss and xor loss. The former maximizes the number of inactive channels and the latter fixes the positions of these inactive channels to be the same for the image. Our method improves the image generation speed to be up to 49% faster and reduces the number of parameters by 20% while maintaining style transferring performance. Additionally, our losses are also effective in pruning the VGG16 classifier network, i.e., parameter reduction by 26% and top-1 accuracy improvement by 0.16% on CIFAR-10.
Abstract Objective Stent graft-induced new entry (SINE) has been increasingly observed after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for Stanford type B aortic dissection. SINE is often life ...threatening, and reintervention is required. This study investigated risk factors for SINE after TEVAR. Methods From July 2001 to June 2013, we retrospectively analyzed data from 79 patients who underwent TEVAR for Stanford type B aortic dissection. TEVAR was performed in 17 patients ≤2 weeks (acute) after the diagnosis of aortic dissection and in the remaining 62 patients >2 weeks (chronic) after diagnosis. Forty-two of the patients underwent TEVAR with modified stent graft with an “inwardly bent” margin, and the remaining 37 underwent TEVAR with a conventional stent graft. The maximal diameter, minimal diameter, mean diameter, circumference, and area of the true lumen were analyzed. Taper ratio and oversizing ratio were evaluated and compared between the SINE and non-SINE groups, and cutoff values of taper ratio and oversizing ratio for prediction of SINE were determined using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. The cumulative incidence of SINE was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify independent predictive variables for SINE. Results SINE occurred in 21 patients (26.5%) and occurred more frequently in patients with chronic dissection than in those with acute dissection (32.3% vs 5.9%; P = .032). The Kaplan-Meier curves were significantly different ( P = .016) between these groups. The incidence of SINE events was not significantly different between the modified stent group and nonmodified stent group (23.8% vs 36.0%; P = .284). The taper ratio and oversizing ratio by maximal diameter, mean diameter, circumference, and area were significantly higher in the SINE group than in the non-SINE group, and Kaplan-Meier curves were significantly different between groups above and below optimal cutoff value ( P < .0005 to .003). According to multivariate analysis, the hazard ratios of chronic aortic dissection were 6.30 (95% confidence interval, 0.83-47.74; P = .075) to 7.80 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-59.07; P = .047). The taper ratio and oversizing ratio calculated by maximal diameter, mean diameter, circumference, and area were independent predictors of the development of SINE. Conclusions Distal oversizing of the stent graft was an independent predictor of the development of SINE. Appropriate size selection of stent graft without distal oversizing might reduce the risk of late SINE events.
We introduce a simple and low-cost three-step hydrothermal and pulsed laser ablation technique for the fabrication of flower-like pure ZnO nanostructures, Au@ZnO core-shell nanocomposites, and ...Au@ZnO/Au core-shell nanocomposites doped with various concentrations (5, 10, and 15 wt%) of Au nanoparticles without using surfactants or catalysts to enhance the catalytic performance of ZnO under UV–visible irradiation. The decoration of Au nanoparticles on the surface of ZnO promoted the absorption of visible light due to the surface plasmon resonance of Au. Further, we evaluated the photocatalytic performance of the nanocomposites in the degradation of methylene blue (MB). Our findings revealed that the Au@ZnO/Au core-shell nanocomposites with 5 wt% of doped Au NPs demonstrated the highest photocatalytic activity. In addition, radical-scavenging experiments were conducted to determine the main reactive species formed in the reaction mixture, and accordingly, a plausible photocatalytic reaction mechanism for the enhanced photodegradation of MB is presented.
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•Hydrothermal and pulsed laser ablation methods were used for photocatalysts.•Pure ZnO, Au@ZnO and Au@ZnO/Au nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized.•The dopant Au NPs promotes the visible absorption in Au@ZnO/Au NCs.•Au@ZnO/Au NCs showed enhanced photocatalytic activity for MB.•Au@ZnO/Au NCs with 5 wt% of Au NP dopants showed the best photocatalytic activity.
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