Metal organic polyhedra (MOPs) have potential as supramolecular building blocks, but utilizing MOPs for postsynthetic polymerization has not been explored. Although MOPs with flexible organic ...moieties have been recently reported to target enhanced processability, permanent porosity has not been demonstrated. Here, a novel synthetic strategy involving the cross-linking of MOPs
a covalent bond is demonstrated by exploiting a condensation reaction between the MOP and flexible organic linkers. An amine-functionalized Zr-based MOP is cross-linked with acyl chloride linkers in the crystalline state to form cross-linked MOPs. The condensation reaction results in a cross-linked system without significant changes to the structure of the Zr-based MOP. Such cross-linked MOPs provide a microporous tetrahedral cage based on gas sorption analysis. This cross-linking strategy highlights the potential of MOPs as building blocks and provides access to a new class of porous material.
Early detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) is crucial for its effective management and prevention. Various methods for detecting AF using deep learning (DL) based on supervised learning with a large ...labeled dataset have a remarkable performance. However, supervised learning has several problems, as it is time-consuming for labeling and has a data dependency problem. Moreover, most of the DL methods do not provide any clinical evidence to physicians regarding the analysis of electrocardiography (ECG) for classification or detection of AF. To address these limitations, in this study, we proposed a novel AF diagnosis system using unsupervised learning for anomaly detection with three segments, PreQ, QRS, and PostS, based on the normal ECG. Two independent datasets, PTB-XL and China, were used in three experiments. We used a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based autoencoder to train the segments of the normal ECG. Based on the threshold of anomaly scores using mean squared error (MSE), it distinguished between normal and AF segments. In Experiment A, the best score was that of PreQ, which detected AF with an AUROC score of 0.96. In Experiment B and C for cross validation of each dataset, the best scores were also of PreQ, with AUROC scores of 0.9 and 0.95, respectively. To verify the significance of the anomaly score in distinguishing between AF and normal segments, we utilized an XG-Boosted model after generating anomaly scores in the three segments. The XG-Boosted model achieved an AUROC score of 0.98 and an F1 score of 0.94. AF detection using DL has been controversial among many physicians. However, our study differentiates itself from previous studies in that we can demonstrate evidence that distinguishes AF from normal segments based on the anomaly score.
Background/AimsWe evaluated the clinical significance and prognostic power of functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) panometry in patients with achalasia treated with peroral endoscopic myotomy ...(POEM), and examined the clinical parameters associated with symptomatic improvement and the presence of contractility (POC) following POEM. MethodsWe reviewed the electronic medical records of patients with achalasia treated with FLIP panometry and POEM at a tertiary teaching hospital in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Follow-up examination was composed of esophageal manometry and questionnaires on symptoms. We analyzed the FLIP data by interpolating using the cubic spline method in MATLAB. ResultsWe retrospectively analyzed 33 men and 35 women (mean age: 52 ± 17 years), of whom 14, 39, and 15 patients were diagnosed with achalasia types I, II, and III, respectively. The FLIP panometry diagnoses were reduced esophagogastric junction opening (REO) with a retrograde contractile response (n = 43); REO with an absent contractile response (n = 5); REO with a normal contractile response (n = 11); and a retrograde contractile response (n = 9). Overall, the patients showed improvements in Eckardt scores following POEM from 6.48 ± 2.20 to 1.16 ± 1.15 (P < 0.01). Post-POEM symptomatic improvement was not significantly associated with any of the clinical parameters, including panometry diagnosis. Conversely, post-POEM POC was significantly associated with the presence of repetitive antegrade contractions and achalasia subtypes (both P < 0.01). ConclusionWhile FLIP panometry was not significantly associated with the clinical course of achalasia, FLIP panometry was associated with POC following POEM and may complement manometry in the functional evaluation of esophageal motility disorders.
Despite numerous studies on cancer treatment, cancer remains a challenging disease to cure, even after decades of research. In recent years, the cancer vaccine has emerged as a promising approach for ...cancer treatment, offering few unexpected side effects compared to existing therapies. However, the cancer vaccine faces obstacles to commercialization due to its low efficacy. Particularly, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) adjuvant system, specifically the TLR 7/8 agonist, has shown potential for activating Th1 immunity, which stimulates both innate and adaptive immune responses through T cells. In this study, we developed ProLNG-S, a cholesterol-conjugated form of resiquimod (R848), to enhance immune efficacy by stimulating the immune system and reducing toxicity. ProLNG-S was formulated as ProLNG-001, a positively charged liposome, and co-administered with ovalbumin (OVA) protein in the B16-OVA model. ProLNG-001 effectively targeted secondary lymphoid organs, resulting in a robust systemic anti-tumor immune response and tumor-specific T cell activation. Consequently, ProLNG-001 demonstrated potential for preventing tumor progression and improving survival compared to AS01 by enhancing anti-tumor immunity.
Recent studies have provided several lines of evidence that peripheral administration of oxytocin induces analgesia in human and rodents. However, the exact underlying mechanism of analgesia still ...remains elusive. In the present study, we aimed to identify which receptor could mediate the analgesic effect of intraperitoneal injection of oxytocin and its cellular mechanisms in thermal pain behavior. We found that oxytocin-induced analgesia could be reversed by d(CH
)
Tyr(Me)
,Dab
AVP, a vasopressin-1a (V1a) receptor antagonist, but not by desGly-NH
-d(CH
)
DTyr
, Thr
OVT, an oxytocin receptor antagonist. Single cell RT-PCR analysis revealed that V1a receptor, compared to oxytocin, vasopressin-1b and vasopressin-2 receptors, was more profoundly expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and the expression of V1a receptor was predominant in transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-expressing DRG neurons. Fura-2 based calcium imaging experiments showed that capsaicin-induced calcium transient was significantly inhibited by oxytocin and that such inhibition was reversed by V1a receptor antagonist. Additionally, whole cell patch clamp recording demonstrated that oxytocin significantly increased potassium conductance via V1a receptor in DRG neurons. Taken together, our findings suggest that analgesic effects produced by peripheral administration of oxytocin were attributable to the activation of V1a receptor, resulting in reduction of TRPV1 activity and enhancement of potassium conductance in DRG neurons.
Online video platforms such as YouTube feature visual cues on progress bars to spotlight standout segments of videos. These cues, designed to steer users toward intriguing content moments, raise ...questions about their overarching impact on video consumption patterns. In this study, we delve into in-consumption information cues (ICICs), indicators that depict fluctuating video quality in real time. Drawing from a natural experiment on a live streaming platform, we evaluate the effects of engagement graphs. These are visual timelines that emphasize moments favored by prior viewers in video-on-demand (VOD) content, which represent full replays of live stream sessions. Notably, these graphs are only accessible to iOS users, leaving Android users without access. Our results show that ICICs enhance the viewership of VODs and live streams. Moreover, viewers tend to spend more time immersed in live broadcasts, suggesting heightened content appeal. Yet, these engagement graphs do not prompt users to donate more virtual gifts, a vital income stream for streamers. Even with the introduction of ICICs, while there is a rise in video production, the inherent structure of live streams remained largely unchanged. We conclude by discussing the academic and managerial implications of these findings.
The ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of six-membered cyclic olefins has been a long-standing challenge due to their low ring strain energies (RSEs). Here, we achieved the ...homopolymerization of cyclohexene derivatives to produce oxygen-enriched, chemically recyclable polymers. The polymerization was enabled by utilizing elaborately designed cyclohexene monomers to increase the ring strain energy. Specifically, the 1,2-diol groups of vicinal trans-cyclohexene-diols were converted to carbonate groups for highly efficient and controlled polymerization. The resulting polymers, which have fused cyclic carbonate groups on the backbone, were hydrolyzed to generate hydroxyl-group-enriched polymers with a well-defined 1,2-diol structure at every sixth carbon. Closed-loop recycling was demonstrated by ring-closing metathesis depolymerization (RCMD) back to vicinal trans-cyclohexene-diols. Open-loop recycling was also possible by oxidative cleavage of the 1,2-diol group of the polymers, producing industrially useful α,ω-dicarboxylic acids. The chemically recyclable and structurally well-defined 1,2-diol polymers have high hydrolytic stability and excellent oxygen-protective properties.
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•Successful ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclohexene derivatives•Elaborate design of functional cyclohexene monomers to control ring strains•Facile thermodynamic control of polymerization and depolymerization for recycling•Chemically recyclable oxygen-protective polymers with high hydrolytic stability
The development of recyclable materials is essential for achieving a sustainable future. Although reversible olefin metathesis could be ideal for this purpose, controlling its reversibility is often difficult because the reaction equilibrium is typically thermodynamically favored toward one side in practical metathesis applications. For instance, the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclohexene derivatives has long been a challenge because of their low ring strains.
In this study, we report a new class of chemically recyclable polymers using elaborately designed cyclohexene monomers to control the thermodynamics between polymerization and depolymerization. The developed materials, which can be recycled back to their monomers or industrially useful compounds through either closed- or open-loop methods, have high hydrolytic stability and excellent oxygen-protective properties, making them a potential alternative recyclable material for poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH).
A new class of chemically recyclable polymers was developed with the aim of addressing a long-standing challenge in olefin metathesis reactions, specifically the ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclohexene derivatives. These oxygen-enriched materials exhibit high hydrolytic stability and excellent oxygen-protective properties, making them a promising alternative recyclable material for poly(vinyl alcohol) and ethylene vinyl alcohol. The developed materials can be recycled back to their monomers or industrially useful compounds using either closed- or open-loop methods.
This study examines how different types of travellers use an online travel marketplace in different ways. To measure different travelling behaviours, we use 20 features collected from a survey of ...2,467 users along with real transaction data in the context of an online marketplace connecting local tour guides and travellers. We identify six idiosyncratic groups of travellers: Shopaholics, Budget Explorers, Long-Term Travellers, Trend Setters, Resort Addicts, and Social Trippers. They are remarkably distinctive in their demographic characteristics, travel motivations, and their actual usage patterns in the online travel marketplace. This paper contributes to the literature on traveller segmentation and practices through its exploration of different traveller usage patterns in the online travel marketplace.
Recent studies have provided several lines of evidence that peripheral administration of oxytocin induces analgesia in human and rodents. However, the exact underlying mechanism of analgesia still ...remains elusive. In the present study, we aimed to identify which receptor could mediate the analgesic effect of intraperitoneal injection of oxytocin and its cellular mechanisms in thermal pain behavior. We found that oxytocin-induced analgesia could be reversed by $d(CH_2)_5Tyr(Me)^2,Dab^5$ AVP, a vasopressin-1a (V1a) receptor antagonist, but not by $desGly-NH_2-d(CH_2)_5D-Tyr^2,Thr^4OVT$, an oxytocin receptor antagonist. Single cell RT-PCR analysis revealed that V1a receptor, compared to oxytocin, vasopressin-1b and vasopressin-2 receptors, was more profoundly expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and the expression of V1a receptor was predominant in transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-expressing DRG neurons. Fura-2 based calcium imaging experiments showed that capsaicin-induced calcium transient was significantly inhibited by oxytocin and that such inhibition was reversed by V1a receptor antagonist. Additionally, whole cell patch clamp recording demonstrated that oxytocin significantly increased potassium conductance via V1a receptor in DRG neurons. Taken together, our findings suggest that analgesic effects produced by peripheral administration of oxytocin were attributable to the activation of V1a receptor, resulting in reduction of TRPV1 activity and enhancement of potassium conductance in DRG neurons.
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