The immune system responds vigorously to microbial infection while permitting lifelong colonization by the microbiome. Mechanisms that facilitate the establishment and stability of the gut microbiota ...remain poorly described. We found that a regulatory system in the prominent human commensal
modulates its surface architecture to invite binding of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in mice. Specific immune recognition facilitated bacterial adherence to cultured intestinal epithelial cells and intimate association with the gut mucosal surface in vivo. The IgA response was required for
(and other commensal species) to occupy a defined mucosal niche that mediates stable colonization of the gut through exclusion of exogenous competitors. Therefore, in addition to its role in pathogen clearance, we propose that IgA responses can be co-opted by the microbiome to engender robust host-microbial symbiosis.
An important limit for energy gain in laser-plasma wakefield accelerators is the dephasing length, after which the electron beam reaches the decelerating region of the wakefield and starts to ...decelerate. Here, we propose to manipulate the phase of the electron beam in the wakefield, in order to bring the beam back into the accelerating region, hence increasing the final beam energy. This rephasing is operated by placing an upward density step in the beam path. In a first experiment, we demonstrate the principle of this technique using a large energy spread electron beam. Then, we show that it can be used to increase the energy of monoenergetic electron beams by more than 50%.
Summary
Intubation with a double‐lumen tube is important for achieving one‐lung ventilation and facilitating thoracic surgery. The GlideScope® videolaryngoscope (Verathon Inc., Bothell, WA, USA) is ...designed to assist tracheal intubation for patients with a difficult airway. We wished to compare the GlideScope and direct laryngoscopy for double‐lumen tube intubation. Sixty adult patients requiring a double‐lumen tube for thoracic surgery and predicted uncomplicated laryngoscopy were randomly assigned to a direct Macintosh laryngoscopy group (n = 30) or a GlideScope group (n = 30). The mean (SD) duration of intubation was longer in the Macintosh group (62.5 (29.7) s) than in the GlideScope group (45.6 (10.7) s; p = 0.007). There was no difference in the success of the first attempt at intubation (26/30 (87%) and 30/30 (100%) for Macintosh and GlideScope groups, respectively; p = 0.112). The incidence of sore throat and hoarseness was higher in the Macintosh group (18 (60%) and 14 (47%), respectively) than in the GlideScope group (6 (20%) and 4 (13%), respectively; p = 0.003 and 0.004). We conclude that double‐lumen tube intubation in patients with predicted normal laryngoscopy is easier using the GlideScope videolaryngoscope than the Macintosh laryngoscope.
Virus entry is a multistep process. It initiates when the virus attaches to the host cell and ends when the viral contents reach the cytosol. Genetically unrelated viruses can subvert analogous ...subcellular mechanisms and use similar trafficking pathways for successful entry. Antiviral strategies targeting early steps of infection are therefore appealing, particularly when the probability for successful interference through a common step is highest. We describe here potent inhibitory effects on content release and infection by chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) containing the envelope proteins of Zaire ebolavirus (VSV-ZEBOV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (VSVSARS- CoV-2) elicited by Apilimod and Vacuolin-1, small-molecule inhibitors of the main endosomal phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate/phosphatidylinositol 5-kinase, PIKfyve. We also describe potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 strain 2019-nCoV/USA-WA1/2020 by Apilimod. These results define tools for studying the intracellular trafficking of pathogens elicited by inhibition of PIKfyve kinase and suggest the potential for targeting this kinase in developing small-molecule antivirals against SARS-CoV-2.
The
Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph
(IRIS) small explorer spacecraft provides simultaneous spectra and images of the photosphere, chromosphere, transition region, and corona with 0.33 – ...0.4 arcsec spatial resolution, two-second temporal resolution, and 1 km s
−1
velocity resolution over a field-of-view of up to 175 arcsec × 175 arcsec. IRIS was launched into a Sun-synchronous orbit on 27 June 2013 using a Pegasus-XL rocket and consists of a 19-cm UV telescope that feeds a slit-based dual-bandpass imaging spectrograph. IRIS obtains spectra in passbands from 1332 – 1358 Å, 1389 – 1407 Å, and 2783 – 2834 Å, including bright spectral lines formed in the chromosphere (Mg
ii
h 2803 Å and Mg
ii
k 2796 Å) and transition region (C
ii
1334/1335 Å and Si
iv
1394/1403 Å). Slit-jaw images in four different passbands (C
ii
1330, Si
iv
1400, Mg
ii
k 2796, and Mg
ii
wing 2830 Å) can be taken simultaneously with spectral rasters that sample regions up to 130 arcsec × 175 arcsec at a variety of spatial samplings (from 0.33 arcsec and up). IRIS is sensitive to emission from plasma at temperatures between 5000 K and 10 MK and will advance our understanding of the flow of mass and energy through an
interface region
, formed by the chromosphere and transition region, between the photosphere and corona. This highly structured and dynamic region not only acts as the conduit of all mass and energy feeding into the corona and solar wind, it also requires an order of magnitude more energy to heat than the corona and solar wind combined. The IRIS investigation includes a strong numerical modeling component based on advanced radiative–MHD codes to facilitate interpretation of observations of this complex region. Approximately eight Gbytes of data (after compression) are acquired by IRIS each day and made available for unrestricted use within a few days of the observation.
Objective
To apply the World Health Organization (WHO) Application of the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD‐10) to deaths during the perinatal period: ICD‐Perinatal ...Mortality (ICD‐PM) to existing perinatal death databases.
Design
Retrospective application of ICD‐PM.
Setting
South Africa, UK.
Population
Perinatal death databases.
Methods
Deaths were grouped according to timing of death and then by the ICD‐PM cause of death. The main maternal condition at the time of perinatal death was assigned to each case.
Main outcome measures
Causes of perinatal mortality, associated maternal conditions.
Results
In South Africa 344/689 (50%) deaths occurred antepartum, 11% (n = 74) intrapartum and 39% (n = 271) in the early neonatal period. In the UK 4377/9067 (48.3%) deaths occurred antepartum, with 457 (5%) intrapartum and 4233 (46.7%) in the neonatal period. Antepartum deaths were due to unspecified causes (59%), chromosomal abnormalities (21%) or problems related to fetal growth (14%). Intrapartum deaths followed acute intrapartum events (69%); neonatal deaths followed consequences of low birthweight/ prematurity (31%), chromosomal abnormalities (26%), or unspecified causes in healthy mothers (25%). Mothers were often healthy; 53%, 38% and 45% in the antepartum, intrapartum and neonatal death groups, respectively. Where there was a maternal condition, it was most often maternal medical conditions, and complications of placenta, cord and membranes.
Conclusions
The ICD‐PM can be a globally applicable perinatal death classification system that emphasises the need for a focus on the mother—baby dyad as we move beyond 2015.
Tweetable
ICD‐PM is a global system that classifies perinatal deaths and links them to maternal conditions.
Tweetable
ICD‐PM is a global system that classifies perinatal deaths and links them to maternal conditions.
Please cite this paper as: Tunçalp Ö, Hindin MJ, Souza JP, Chou D, Say L. The prevalence of maternal near miss: a systematic review. BJOG 2012;119:653–661.
Background Severe maternal morbidity or ...‘near miss’ is a promising indicator to improve quality of obstetric care.
Objectives To systematically review all available studies on ‘near miss’.
Search strategy Following a pre‐defined protocol, our review covered articles between January 2004 and December 2010. We used a combination of the following terms: near miss morbidity, severe maternal morbidity, severe acute maternal morbidity, obstetric near‐miss, maternal near miss, obstetric near miss, emergency hysterectomy, emergency obstetric hysterectomy, maternal complications, pregnancy complications, intensive care unit.
Selection criteria Nearly 4000 articles were screened by title and , and 153 articles were retrieved for full text evaluation. There were no language restrictions.
Data collection and analysis Data extraction was performed using an instrument that included sections on study characteristics, quality of reporting, prevalence/incidence and the definition and identification criteria. Univariate analysis and meta‐analysis for sub‐groups were performed.
Main results A total of 82 studies from 46 countries were included. Criteria for identification of cases varied widely. Prevalence rates varied between 0.6 and 14.98% for disease‐specific criteria, between 0.04 and 4.54% for management‐based criteria and between 0.14 and 0.92% for organ‐based dysfunction based on Mantel criteria. The rates are higher in low‐income and middle‐income countries of Asia and Africa. Based on meta‐analysis, the estimate of near miss was 0.42% (95% CI 0.40–0.44%) for the Mantel (organ dysfunction) criteria and 0.039% (95% CI 0.037–0.042%) for emergency hysterectomy. Our meta‐regression results indicate that emergency hysterectomy rates have been increasing by about 8% per year.
Authors’ conclusions There is growing interest in the application of the maternal near‐miss concept as an adjunct to maternal mortality. However, in the literature published before 2011 there was still important variation in the criteria used to identify maternal near‐miss cases. The World Health Organization recently published criteria based on markers of management and of clinical and organ dysfunction which would enable systematic data collection on near miss and development of summary estimates. Comparing the rates over time and across regions, it is clear that different approaches are needed to lower the rates of near miss and that interventions must be developed with the local context in mind.
Urothelial cancer (UC) includes carcinomas of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. New treatments and biomarkers of UC emerged in this decade. To identify the key information in a vast amount of ...literature can be challenging. In this study, we use text mining to explore UC publications to identify important information that may lead to new research directions.
We used topic modeling to analyze the titles and abstracts of 29,883 articles of UC from Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase in Mar 2020. We applied latent Dirichlet allocation modeling to extract 15 topics and conducted trend analysis. Gene ontology term enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis were performed to identify UC related pathways.
There was a growing trend regarding UC treatment especially immune checkpoint therapy but not the staging of UC. The risk factors of UC carried in different countries such as cigarette smoking in the United State and aristolochic acid in Taiwan and China. GMCSF, IL-5, Syndecan-1, ErbB receptor, integrin, c-Met, and TRAIL signaling pathways are the most relevant biological pathway associated with UC.
The risk factors of UC may be dependent on the countries and GMCSF, IL-5, Syndecan-1, ErbB receptor, integrin, c-Met, and TRAIL signaling pathways are the most relevant biological pathway associated with UC. These findings may provide further UC research directions.
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