Aims
Plant root‐associated rhizobacteria elicit plant immunity referred to as induced systemic tolerance (IST) against multiple abiotic stresses. Among multibacterial determinants involved in IST, ...the induction of IST and promotion of growth by putative bacterial volatile compounds (VOCs) is reported in the present study.
Methods and Results
To characterize plant proteins induced by putative bacterial VOCs, proteomic analysis was performed by MALDI‐MS/MS after exposure of soybean seedlings to a new strain of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Pseudomonas simiae strain AU. Furthermore, expression analysis by Western blotting confirmed that the vegetative storage protein (VSP), gamma‐glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) and RuBisCo large chain proteins were significantly up‐regulated by the exposure to AU strain and played a major role in IST. VSP has preponderant roles in N accumulation and mobilization, acid phosphatase activity and Na+ homeostasis to sustain plant growth under stress condition. More interestingly, plant exposure to the bacterial strain significantly reduced Na+ and enhanced K+ and P content in root of soybean seedlings under salt stress. In addition, high accumulation of proline and chlorophyll content also provided evidence of protection against osmotic stress during the elicitation of IST by bacterial exposure.
Conclusions
The present study reported for the first time that Ps. simiae produces a putative volatile blend that can enhance soybean seedling growth and elicit IST against 100 mmol l−1 NaCl stress condition.
Significance and Impact of the Study
The identification of such differentially expressed proteins provide new targets for future studies that will allow assessment of their physiological roles and significance in the response of glycophytes to stresses. Further work should uncover more about the chemical side of VOC compounds and a detailed study about their molecular mechanism responsible for plant growth.
Recently, it has been found that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene could prove to be the most promising carbonaceous fillers in polymers nanocomposites field because of their better structural and ...functional properties. Their uniform dispersion in polymer matrix leads to significant improvements in their several properties. This paper reviews the effect of nanofillers, ie, CNTs, derivatized CNTs, and graphene on the polycarbonate nanocomposite and its application in aerospace, automobile, sports, electronic sectors, and various industries. The comparative analysis of carbon‐based fillers on the different properties of polycarbonate nanocomposites is also included.
Preliminary structural and detailed dielectric and electrical properties of zirconium (Zr) modified-sodium bismuth titanate (i.e., Na0.5Bi0.5Ti1−xZrxO3(NBZT)) ceramics were studied. Structural ...analysis of the materials with room temperature X-ray diffraction data confirmed the formation of compounds in the rhombohedral crystal system. SEM micrographs of the compounds showed the abnormal grain growth but with better densification and homogeneity on substitution of Zr at the Ti site. Dielectric and complex impedance spectroscopic studies were carried out in a wide frequency (i.e., 102–106Hz) and temperature (30–500°C) range. The maximum permittivity (at transition temperature) was found to be decreased on increasing Zr concentration in NBZT but the diffuseness of dielectric peak increases. The nature of frequency dependence of ac conductivity of NBZT follows the Jonscher power law, and calculated dc conductivity follows Arrhenius behavior. Detailed studies of complex impedance spectroscopy have provided better understanding of: (i) relaxation process and (ii) microstructure-properties relationship in the materials. Complex impedance and modulus spectra confirm the significant contribution of both grain and grain boundary to electrical response of the materials. It is observed that relaxation processes in the materials are of non-Debye type.
Habitat-imposed abiotic and biotic stress is a serious condition and is also a land-degradation problem in arid and semi-arid regions, causing major problem for crop productivity. Most of the ...cultivable and a least half of irrigated lands around the world are severely affected by environmental stresses. However, in these conditions, there are plant populations successfully adapted and evolutionarily different in their strategy of stress tolerance. Vascular plants do not function as autonomous individuals, but house diverse communities of symbiotic microbes. The role of these microbes can no longer be ignored. Microbial interactions are critical not only for host but also for fungal survival in stressed environments. Plants benefit extensively by harboring these associated microbes; they promote plant growth and confer enhanced resistance to various pathogens by producing antibiotics. To date, improvements in plant quality, production, abiotic and biotic stress resistance, nutrient, and water use have relied largely on manipulating plant genomes by breeding and genetic modification. Increasing evidence indicates that the function of symbiotic microbes seems to parallel more than one of these characteristics.
Formation of biphenyls with high yields and high turnover rates comparable to or even higher than that achieved using ligand-free-supported Pd catalysts reported earlier could be accomplished using ...ligand-free nano-gold particles supported on MgO or CaO in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Display omitted
► Au/MgO (or CaO, BaO, or SrO) showed high catalytic activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. ► The coupling activity of nano-gold catalyst was strongly influenced by the nature of metal oxide support. ► The presence of K2CO3 (base) and DMF (solvent) is must for high product yield. ► The Au/MgO showed high activity and excellent reusability in the coupling reaction. ► The Au/MgO is ligand-free and also less costly than commonly used Pd-based catalysts.
Gold nano-particles-supported alkaline earth metal oxides, particularly MgO or CaO, show high catalytic activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in the presence of K2CO3 and DMF (as a solvent). The catalytic activity is strongly influenced by the nature or type of metal oxide support (viz. alkaline earth oxide, Group IIIA metal oxide, transition metal oxide, or rare earth oxide actinide oxide). It is also strongly influenced by the nature of aryl halide (aryl iodide, bromide, chloride, or fluoride), amount of K2CO3 in the reaction mixture and catalyst calcination temperature. Influence of reaction parameters viz. temperature and time and different substituents in aryl halides and/or phenylboronic acids on the biphenyl product yield in the reaction over Au/MgO catalyst has also been investigated. The catalyst showed excellent reusability in the reaction. Moreover, it is ligand-free and also has much lower cost than the commonly used homogeneous and heterogeneous Pd catalysts.
The global market has a high demand for premium edible grade groundnut, particularly for table use. India, in particular, exhibits significant potential for exporting confectionary grade large seeded ...groundnut. The environment plays a significant impact in influencing the expression of seed traits, which subsequently affects the confectionary quality of groundnut genotypes. The states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in India are prominent producers of high-quality groundnuts specifically used for confectionary purposes. The current study was conducted with 43 confectionery groundnut genotypes at Junagadh, Gujarat, and Bikaner, Rajasthan, with the goals of understanding genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) effects and identifying stable, high yielding confectionery quality groundnut genotypes using AMMI and GGE biplot models. Pod yield per plant (PYP), number of pods per plant (NPP), hundred kernel weight (HKW), and shelling percent (SP) were estimated. The interplay between the environment and genotype has had a notable impact on the manifestation of confectionary grade characteristics in peanuts. The results from the Interaction Principal Component Analysis (IPCA) indicate that HKW contributed 76.68% and 18.95% towards the Global Environmental Index (GEI) through IPCA1 and IPCA2, respectively. Similarly, NPP contributed 87.52% and 8.65%, PYP contributed 95.87% and 2.1%, and SP contributed 77.4% and 16.22% towards GEI through IPCA1 and IPCA2, respectively. Based on the ranking of genotypes, the ideal genotypes were PBS 29079B for HKW, PBS 29230 for NPP. The genotypes PBS 29233 and PBS 29230 exhibited superior performance and stability in terms of pod yield, hundred kernel weight, number of pods per plant, and shelling percentage across various sites. These breeding lines have the potential to be developed for the purpose of producing confectionary grade groundnut with larger seeds, in order to fulfil the growing demand for export.
Charcoal rot disease, caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, leads to significant yield losses of soybean crops. One strategy to control charcoal rot is the use of antagonistic, ...root-colonizing bacteria. Rhizobacteria A5F and FPT721 and Pseudomonas sp. strain GRP3 were characterized for their plant growth-promotion activities against the pathogen. Rhizobacterium FPT721 exhibited higher antagonistic activity against the pathogen on dual plate assay compared to strain A5F and GRP3. FPT721 and GRP3 gave decreased disease intensity in terms of average number of pathogen-infested plants. Lipoxygenase (LOX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and peroxidase (POD) activities were estimated in extracts of plants grown from seeds that were treated with rhizobacteria, and inoculated with spore suspension of M. phaseolina. The activity of these enzymes after challenge with the test pathogen increased. Strains FPT721 and GRP3 exhibited maximum increases in LOX, PAL and POD activity (U mg−1 fresh leaf wt) compared to strain A5F.
Soil quality degradation associated with resources scarcity is the major concern for the sustainability of conventional rice-wheat system in South Asia. Replacement of conventional management ...practices with conservation agriculture (CA) is required to improve soil quality. A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of CA on soil physical (bulk density, penetration resistance, infiltration) and chemical (N, P, K, S, micronutrients) properties after 4 years in North-West India. There were four scenarios (Sc) namely conventional rice-wheat cropping system (Sc1); partial CA-based rice-wheat-mungbean system (RWMS) (Sc2); CA-based RWMS (Sc3); and CA-based maize-wheat-mungbean (Sc4) system. Sc2 (1.52 Mg m
−3
) showed significantly lower soil bulk density (BD). In Sc3 and Sc4, soil penetration resistance (SPR) was reduced and infiltration was improved compared to Sc1. Soil organic C was significantly higher in Sc4 than Sc1. Available N was 33% and 68% higher at 0-15 cm depth in Sc3 and Sc4, respectively, than Sc1. DTPA extractable Zn and Mn were significantly higher under Sc3 and Sc4 compared to Sc1. Omission study showed 30% saving in N and 50% in K in wheat after four years. Therefore, CA improved soil properties and nutrient availability and have potential to reduce external fertilizer inputs in long run.
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