Tourists exult in Bahia, Brazil as a tropical paradise infused with the black population's one-of-a-kind vitality. But the alluring images of smiling black faces and dancing black bodies masks an ...ugly reality of anti-black authoritarian violence. Christen A. Smith argues that the dialectic of glorified representations of black bodies and subsequent state repression reinforces Brazil's racially hierarchal society. Interpreting the violence as both institutional and performative, Smith follows a grassroots movement and social protest theater troupe in their campaigns against racial violence. As Smith reveals, economies of black pain and suffering form the backdrop for the staged, scripted, and choreographed afro-paradise that dazzles visitors. The work of grassroots organizers exposes this relationship, exploding illusions and asking unwelcome questions about the impact of state violence performed against the still-marginalized mass of Afro-Brazilians. Based on years of field work, Afro-Paradise is a passionate account of a long-overlooked struggle for life and dignity in contemporary Brazil.
ABSTRACT
This essay examines the intimate relationship between the personal, the political, violence, and citational erasure through the lens of Black women's experience. Antiblackness, misogyny, and ...patriarchy together produce the environment that foments Black women's citational erasure within anthropology and the academy more broadly. Such erasure is not just an intellectual matter. It is equally a matter of power whose logic has deep roots in settler‐colonial extractivism and the historical exploitation of Black women's labor. Citation thus not only concerns naming or bibliographic incorporation but also historical patterns of race‐gender exploitation that haunt the present.
Mutations in E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin have been linked to familial Parkinson's disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that Parkin is a tumor suppressor, but the underlying mechanism is poorly ...understood. Here we show that Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Parkin interacts with HIF-1α and promotes HIF-1α degradation through ubiquitination, which in turn inhibits metastasis of breast cancer cells. Parkin downregulation in breast cancer cells promotes metastasis, which can be inhibited by targeting HIF-1α with RNA interference or the small-molecule inhibitor YC-1. We further identify lysine 477 (K477) of HIF-1α as a major ubiquitination site for Parkin. K477R HIF-1α mutation and specific cancer-associated Parkin mutations largely abolish the functions of Parkin to ubiquitinate HIF-1α and inhibit cancer metastasis. Importantly, Parkin expression is inversely correlated with HIF-1α expression and metastasis in breast cancer. Our results reveal an important mechanism for Parkin in tumor suppression and HIF-1α regulation.
Anti‐Black state violence across the Americas reflects a global gendered necropolitical logic. Yet, we often misread this violence by suggesting that the primary victims are men. Although state ...terror often results in the immediate physical death of young Black men, it is principally, yet tacitly, performed for Black women and impacts Black women disproportionately. This essay argues that the gendered necropolitics of trans‐American anti‐Black violence is expansive and includes the direct, immediate death of Black people and the lingering, slow death caused by sequelae. Within this calculus, Black mothers bear the particular weight of anti‐Black state violence. Black mothers (social, biological, or otherwise) are scripted within the racial, hetero‐patriarchal social order as enemies of the state. As such, they pose a unique political threat to the social order. Yet, while the intent of the state is to kill, instill fear and intimidate, the result has been the creation of new political knowledge and resilient political tactics. This paper considers the gendered necropolitics of anti‐Black state violence in Brazil and the United States and Black mothers’ responses to this violence
Single-point measurements from towers in cities cannot properly quantify the impact of all terms in the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget and are often not representative of horizontally-averaged ...quantities over the entire urban domain. A series of large-eddy simulations (LES) is here performed to quantify the relevance of non-measurable terms, and to explore the spatial variability of the flow field over and within an urban geometry in the city of Basel, Switzerland. The domain has been chosen to be centered around a tower where single-point turbulence measurements at six heights are available. Buildings are represented through a discrete-forcing immersed boundary method and are based on detailed real geometries from a surveying dataset. The local model results at the tower location compare well against measurements under near-neutral stability conditions and for the two prevailing wind directions chosen for the analysis. This confirms that LES in conjunction with the immersed boundary condition is a valuable model to study turbulence and dispersion within a real urban roughness sublayer (RSL). The simulations confirm that mean velocity profiles in the RSL are characterized by an inflection point
z
γ
located above the average building height
z
h
. TKE in the RSL is primarily produced above
z
γ
, and turbulence is transported down into the urban canopy layer. Pressure transport is found to be significant in the very-near-wall regions. Further, spatial variations of time-averaged variables and non-measurable dispersive terms are important in the RSL above a real urban surface and should therefore be considered in future urban canopy parametrization developments.
Hoof lesions represent an important issue in modern dairy herds, with reported prevalence in different countries ranging from 40 to 70%. This high prevalence of hoof lesions has both economic and ...social consequences, resulting in increased labor expenses and decreasing animal production, longevity, reproduction, health, and welfare. Therefore, a key goal of dairy herds is to reduce the incidence of hoof lesions, which can be achieved both by improving management practices and through genetic selection. The Canadian dairy industry has recently released a hoof health sub-index. This national genetic evaluation program for hoof health was achieved by creating a centralized data collection system that routinely transfers data recorded by hoof trimmers into a coherent and sustainable national database. The 8 most prevalent lesions (digital dermatitis, interdigital dermatitis, interdigital hyperplasia, heel horn erosion, sole hemorrhage, sole ulcer, toe ulcer, and white line lesion) in Canada are analyzed with a multiple-trait model using a single-step genomic BLUP method. Estimated genomic breeding values for each lesion are combined into a sub-index according to their economic value and prevalence. In addition, data recorded within this system were used to create an interactive management report for dairy producers by Canadian DHI, including the prevalence of lesions on farm, their trends over time, and benchmarks with provincial and national averages.
► Urban energy and water balance model uses commonly measured meteorological variables. ► Surfaces: paved, building, coniferous, deciduous, non/irrigated grass, water. ► Tested against flux ...measurements over a number of years in Vancouver and Los Angeles. ► Simulates well radiation, sensible, latent heat flux, surface wetness, soil moisture. ► Potential applications: effect of regulation on water use, landscaping, planning.
An urban energy and water balance model is presented which uses a small number of commonly measured meteorological variables and information about the surface cover. Rates of evaporation-interception for a single layer with multiple surface types (paved, buildings, coniferous trees and/or shrubs, deciduous trees and/or shrubs, irrigated grass, non-irrigated grass and water) are calculated. Below each surface type, except water, there is a single soil layer. At each time step the moisture state of each surface is calculated. Horizontal water movements at the surface and in the soil are incorporated. Particular attention is given to the surface conductance used to model evaporation and its parameters. The model is tested against direct flux measurements carried out over a number of years in Vancouver, Canada and Los Angeles, USA. At all measurement sites the model is able to simulate the net all-wave radiation and turbulent sensible and latent heat well (RMSE
=
25–47
W
m
−2, 30–64 and 20–56
W
m
−2, respectively). The model reproduces the diurnal cycle of the turbulent fluxes but typically underestimates latent heat flux and overestimates sensible heat flux in the day time. The model tracks measured surface wetness and simulates the variations in soil moisture content. It is able to respond correctly to short-term events as well as annual changes. The largest uncertainty relates to the determination of surface conductance. The model has the potential be used for multiple applications; for example, to predict effects of regulation on urban water use, landscaping and planning scenarios, or to assess climate mitigation strategies.
Examining Black women's experiences with policing, this article argues that police terror is not predicated upon gender; rather, it enacts gender by undoing gender. Thus, it requires a new arithmetic ...of time and space in order to read beyond normative, hypermasculine narratives of police violence. While the dominant discourse of race and policing asserts that police terror disproportionately affects Black men, the frequency of Black women's experiences with police terror attunes to a lingering yet deadly impact beyond the linear, Cartesian dimensions of body counting, a frequency the article terms sequelae. Policing stretches and bends time and space as part of its (un)gendering practice. Through a brief survey of cases in Brazil and the United States, this article considers sequelae as a new arithmetic for calculating the multiple frequencies of police terror against Black women. Specifically, the article examines the case of Luana Barbosa dos Reis, a Black lesbian mother who was beaten to death by police officers in São Paulo in 2016. The article argues that her beating was an act of (un)gendering—a desire to both discipline her as a Black female/mother and erase her potential humanity by denying her desired gender identification (female). In this sense, her death was an act of anti‐Black terror “in the wake.” Through a close reading of the police ledger, the police report, and the physical violence she endured, the article argues that her story teaches us the need for a new way of counting the frequency of police terror in relationship to time, space, and the Black female/mother body.
Interpretation of tower-based eddy covariance (EC) carbon dioxide flux (
F
C
) measurements in urban areas is challenging because of the location bias of EC instruments. This bias results from EC ...point measurements taken above a complex CO
2
source/sink surface that is spatially heterogeneous at scales approaching or exceeding those of the turbulent flux source areas. This makes it difficult to accomplish traditional measurement objectives such as calculating spatially unbiased ecosystem-wide cumulative
F
C
totals or objectively comparing
F
C
during different environmental conditions (e.g., day vs. night or seasonal differences). This study uses a multiyear
F
C
dataset measured over a residential area of Vancouver, BC, Canada from a 30-m flux tower in close proximity to a busy traffic intersection on one side. The
F
C
measurements are analyzed using surface geospatial data and turbulent flux source area models to exploit location bias to develop methods to statistically model individual emissions and uptake processes in terms of environmental controls and surface land cover. The empirical relations between controls and measured
F
C
are used to spatially and temporally downscale individual CO
2
emissions/uptake processes that are then used to create high-resolution maps (20 m) and calculate ecosystem-wide
F
C
at temporal resolutions of 30 min to 1 year. At this site, the modeled ecosystem-wide annual net
F
C
total is calculated as 6.42 kg C m
−2
year
−1
with traffic emissions estimated to account for 68.8 % of the total net emissions. Building sources contribute 27.9 %, respiration from soil and vegetation is 5.5 %, respiration from humans 5.0 %, and photosynthesis offsets are −7.2 % of the annual net total. The statistical models developed here are then tested by direct comparison to independent EC measurements using land cover scalings derived from 30-min source area models. Results are also scaled to ecosystem-averaged land cover to compare results to independent emissions/uptake models.
Black women anthropologists are not cited within the discipline at a rate consistent with our scholarly production and visibility in the field. Despite our training, practice, and prolific writing, ...authors who publish in top‐tier anthropology journals rarely cite Black women. This citational absence reveals a paradox: although Black women play key roles in the discipline as leaders and service providers, our intellectual contributions are undervalued. We are symbolically visible yet academically eclipsed. This article examines the epistemological erasure of Black women's contributions to anthropology in the United States. Through a pilot study, we measure Black women's citation rates in some of the highest ranked anthropology journals (according to impact factor). Moving away from a one‐dimensional gender analysis toward a two‐dimensional, intersectional analysis that analyzes race and gender, we find that Black women are underrepresented in citations in top‐tier anthropology journals relative to their absolute representation in the field. This reveals a significant and disturbing trend: Black women anthropologists are rarely cited in top‐tier anthropology journals, and in the rare instances they are cited, they are cited by other Black anthropologists. There is a need for an intersectional analysis of the politics of power and inequality in anthropology, one that not only pays attention to gender discrimination but also racial discrimination.
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