•Sizing of major DEMO tokamak components.•Identification of relation between aspect ratio and magnetic field.•Identification of most compact DEMO design point.•Discards the choice of DEMO as a ...spherical tokamak.•Discards the choice of DEMO with a high aspect ratio and a high magnetic field.
The design point that had been chosen for EU DEMO in 2016 is reviewed here and a modification is proposed with a lower aspect ratio. Previously the same aspect ratio, A, was chosen for EU DEMO as in major tokamak experiments including ITER (A = 3.1), and, to rely on mature technology, a peak magnetic field no greater than 13 T was considered. Here we do not consider these limitations recognizing the recent commissioning of JT60-SA with A = 2.5 and the successful recent operation of a model coil at a field of >20 T.
EU DEMO must have a burning plasma and meet performance requirements relevant to a fusion power plant - at present, 2 GW fusion power and 2 h pulse length. The better plasma confinement at higher magnetic field allows reaching this condition in a smaller plasma. Thus, increasing the magnetic field appears as an obvious strategy to reduce the machine size. We confirmed though previous observations that the choice of a high magnetic field is associated with a large aspect ratio, mainly to generate space for the larger TF coils. In practice the magnetic field strength on DEMO-size TF coils is limited to ∼12 T by the high electromagnetic loads. Also, the extreme heat flux on the divertor increases further with the magnetic field. Hence the magnetic field on the plasma axis is limited in EU DEMO to ∼5.4 T, its aspect ratio to approximately 3.
The limiting factor to lowering the aspect ratio is the space on the inboard side. This is primarily driven by the requirement to integrate the central solenoid to drive the plasma current inductively. Our literature review suggests that non-inductive plasma scenarios, as considered in most power plant studies in literature, are optimistic and not sufficiently supported by experimental results. Also, the space required for the superconducting toroidal field coils, the tritium breeding blanket, and the neutron shield is substantial. For a DEMO device the space on the inboard side becomes insufficient for aspect ratios below ∼2.6. We therefore conclude the aspect ratio of EU DEMO should be chosen within the range ∼2.6 - ∼3.0 trading-off lower magnetic field and lower divertor heat loads against machine compactness.
The Henry III Fine Rolls project is a collaborative project between the National Archives in the UK, the departments of History and the Centre for Computing in the Humanities at King's College ...London, and the department of History and American Studies at Canterbury Christ Church University. Its aim is to produce a digital and print edition of the Fine Rolls from the reign of the 13th-century English King Henry III (1216–72). At the core of the resource are the translated summaries of the fine rolls which have been encoded in TEI XML, complemented by an overarching RDF/OWL conceptual model and digital facsimiles. In this article, we reflect on the ontological complexities of a dual publication, by bringing together various theoretical frameworks. Our aim is to take inspiration from these theories and connect them to the experience of producing two objects of different materiality but of very close scope. Ultimately, we will also explain how some of these reflections have been used to design a study for evaluating the utility of this edition.
The making of TEI P5 Wittern, Christian; Ciula, Arianna; Tuohy, Conal
Literary and linguistic computing,
09/2009, Letnik:
24, Številka:
3
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
The TEI Consortium has taken on the task of maintaining the Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange. This article describes how the latest major revision to these Guidelines was ...developed over the course of >6 years by the members of the TEI Technical Council and workgroups charged and overseen by the Council and gives background information and reasoning for the decisions taken. Among the new additions for P5, two of the most outstanding, the chapters on Names, Dates, People, and Places and on digital facsimiles are treated in some more detail. The article concludes with a brief account of the decisions made with respect to customization and conformance.
This article focuses on the use of technologies traditionally associated with knowledge representation to express complex associations between entities in historical texts that have been marked up in ...XML, according to the Text Encoding Initiative guidelines. In particular, we describe our exploration of the potential role of an ontology in facilitating the interpretation of implicit and hidden associations in the sources of interest, examining its use, and limits in a digital humanities project in connection with editing tools and delivery issues. We demonstrate our findings based on the Henry III Fine Rolls project, where an ontology—built using the RDF (Resource Description Framework)/OWL (Web Ontology Language) technologies—is being developed to make explicit information about person, place, and subject entities marked up as instances in the core texts themselves. For any historian, there is a natural tension between primary sources (as documentary records) and the analysis that produces a context for interpretation. We will argue that the combination of core mark-up (encoded in TEI) and an ontology (in RDF/OWL) provides a powerful model for representing the complexity of this tension and facilitates the necessarily dynamic process of scholarly interpretation.
This volume presents an exploration of Digital Humanities (DH), a field focused on the reciprocal transformation of digital technologies and humanities scholarship. Central to DH research is the ...practice of modelling, which involves translating intricate knowledge systems into computational models. This book addresses a fundamental query: How can an effective language be developed to conceptualize and guide modelling in DH? Modelling, with its historical roots, carries multifaceted meanings influenced by various disciplinary contexts. Modelling Between Digital and Humanities innovatively connects DH with the historical tradition of model-based thinking in the humanities, cultural studies, and the sciences. It endeavors to reshape interpretative frameworks by contextualizing DH's modelling practices within a broader conceptual landscape. Through an exploration of digital, visual and data models, the book asserts that DH holds the potential to be a cornerstone of a novel cultural literacy paradigm. By probing the interplay between technology and thought, the book ultimately positions DH as a catalyst for transformative cultural insights.
Abstract In the operation of a wastewater treatment plant, the key challenge for the operator is to obtain parameters of the treated wastewater required by relevant legal acts. Meeting these ...requirements is possible through the use of an appropriate technology and real-time automation of control and monitoring processes. The paper examines the results of laboratory tests of selected wastewater parameters in terms the content of organic substances and nutrients in order to determine the efficiency of wastewater treatment in a biological bioreactor using the sludge recirculation process. The performed analysis demonstrated that all levels involving the reduction of pollutants, concentrations and load are in compliance with the applicable legal requirements. Ensuring a continuous monitoring of the quality of treated wastewater and the optimization of this process is crucial for the aquatic environment and human health.
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