In this study, the modulation of key enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation was assessed in immortalized bovine macrophages (BoMacs) following in vitro exposure to the following Penicillium ...mycotoxins: citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), mycophenolic acid (MPA), penicillic acid (PA), or a combination of one of the above with OTA at the concentration that inhibits BoMac proliferation by 25 % (IC25). Real-time PCR analysis of the genes coding DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), histone demethylases (JMJD-3 and UTX), as well as the class-1 histone deacetylases (HDAC−1, −2, and −3) and histone acetylase (Bmi-1) was assessed following 6 h of mycotoxin exposure. A change in the expression of JMJD-3 as well as HDAC-3, MPA (p = 0.1) and PA (p = 0.08), by at least one of the treatments was observed at their respective IC25. The expression of JMJD-3 was significantly induced by PA, but synergistically suppressed by CIT + OTA. The combination of CIT + OTA also synergistically suppressed the expression of DNMT-3a and DNMT-3b. The combination of PAT + OTA reduced DNMT-3a expression, while PA + OTA reduced DNMT-3b expression. Lastly, MPA and PA slightly reduced HDAC-3 expression, while OTA in combination with CIT, PAT, MPA or PA synergistically suppressed HDAC-3 expression. The results of this study demonstrate that Penicillium mycotoxin exposure, specifically OTA and other mycotoxin combinations, can alter the expression of BoMac enzymes that are involved in epigenetic regulation. These findings suggest a potential novel regulatory mechanism by which mycotoxins can modulate macrophage function.
The B−→D+K−π− decay is observed in a data sample corresponding to 3.0 fb−1 of pp collision data recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. Its branching fraction is measured to be ...B(B−→D+K−π−)=(7.92±0.23±0.24±0.42)×10−5 where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic and from the branching fraction of the normalisation channel B−→D+π−π−, respectively. An amplitude analysis of the resonant structure of the B−→D+K−π− decay is used to measure the contributions from quasi-two-body B−→D∗0(2400)0K−, B−→D∗2(2460)0K−, and B−→D∗J(2760)0K− decays, as well as from nonresonant sources. The D∗J(2760)0 resonance is determined to have spin~1.
Decays of B0 and B0s mesons to the charmless baryonic final states p¯ph+h'–, where h and h' each denote a kaon or a pion, are searched for using the LHCb detector. The analysis is based on a sample ...of proton-proton collision data collected at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb–1. Four-body charmless baryonic B0s decays are observed for the first time. The decays B0s→p¯pK+K–, B0s→p¯pK±π∓, B0→p¯pK±π∓ and B0→p¯pπ+π– are observed with a significance greater than 5 standard deviations; evidence at 4.1 standard deviations is found for the B0→p¯pK+K– decay and an upper limit is set on the branching fraction for B0s→p¯pπ+π–. Branching fractions in the kinematic region m(p¯p) < 2850 MeV/c2 are measured relative to the B0→J/ψ(→p¯p)K*(892)0 channel.
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