Immanuel Kant's views on politics, peace, and history have lost none of their relevance since their publication more than two centuries ago. This volume contains a comprehensive collection of Kant's ...writings on international relations theory and political philosophy, superbly translated and accompanied by stimulating essays.Pauline Kleingeld provides a lucid introduction to the main themes of the volume, and three essays by distinguished contributors follow: Jeremy Waldron on Kant's theory of the state; Michael W. Doyle on the implications of Kant's political theory for his theory of international relations; and Allen W. Wood on Kant's philosophical approach to history and its current relevance.
Extreme fast charging (XFC) has become a focal research point in the lithium-battery community over the last several years. As adoption of electric vehicles increases, fast charging has become a key ...driver in enhancing consumer recharge experience. Recently, the research community has made significant improvements in developing charge protocols to support XFC. New charge protocol designs derived using a combination of advanced, physically derived models, and electrochemical and secondary characterization methods, increase charge acceptance and decrease aging. By coordinating these methods and modifying protocols to account for different material constraints, including lithium plating and cathode particle degradation, novel charge protocols have increased the energy accepted during charging by over 25% in 10 min and increased the charge acceptance prior to a constant-voltage step by approximately 3x. Here, we review several charge-protocol advances, aging factors which are enhanced by XFC and advances which will enable adoption of XFC capable vehicles. These advances include implementing machine learning and other detection algorithms to reduce and classify lithium plating, which is known to significantly degrade cell performance and reduce cell life. The review concludes by discussing full-system fast charge requirements, including electric vehicle service equipment needs for implementing XFC protocols.
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•Overview of critical battery degradation modes occurring during extreme fast charging.•Methods and tools to aid in the development of extreme fast charge protocols.•Use of advanced analysis and machine learning for early failure mode identification.•Combined use of electrochemical models and experiments for protocol development.•Scaled protocols influence electric vehicle infrastructure planning.
Solutions for improving fast charging of lithium‐ion batteries have largely focused on alleviating through‐plane lithiation gradients while little is understood about in‐plane heterogeneities and how ...to resolve them. Herein, high‐speed synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (XRD) resolves graphite lithiation spatially and temporally during 6 C charging and 2 C discharging. At every point during operation, considerable differences in the state of lithiation across the pouch cell are present. Some regions are more responsive to operation than others, reaching full lithiation early during charge and full delithiation during discharge. Other regions within the cell never fully delithiate during discharge, despite a prolonged voltage hold at 2.8 V. Using time‐resolved XRD data, the calculated local current density (mA cm−2) at the graphite surface shows an unexpected occurrence of local inverted current densities where regions of graphite are observed to delithiate during charging and lithiate during discharging. A pseudo‐3D model is developed for the graphite electrode with spatially varying microstructural tortuosity to show how microstructural heterogeneity could influence spatial charge dynamics. The model could not predict the complex in‐plane charge behavior observed within the cell. Consequently physics‐based charging protocols based on homogeneous electrode assumptions may underestimate the local variations in charge dynamics and occurrence of lithium plating.
It is becoming increasingly apparent that the local electrochemical response of active materials within Li‐ion batteries is very heterogeneous, yet little is understood about spatial heterogeneity of graphite's response during fast charging. This work applies high‐speed synchrotron X‐ray diffraction to resolve graphite lithiation spatially and temporally during 6 C charging and 2 C discharging.
Lithium‐Ion Batteries
The local electrochemical response of active materials within Li‐ion batteries is very heterogeneous, yet little is understood about spatial heterogeneity of graphite’s response ...during fast charging. In article number 2200067, Abigale P. Monasterial, Donal P. Finegan, and co‐workers apply high‐speed synchrotron X‐ray diffraction to resolve graphite lithiation spatially and temporally during 6C charging (as represented in the image from the bottom view) and 2C discharging of lithium‐ion pouch cells.
Ausgehend von der Fülle der Sekundärliteratur, die zu Ilse Aichingers "Spiegelgeschichte" vorliegt, weist der Autor auf weitere wesentliche Anspielungen und bildliche Elemente hin, die den ausgeprägt ...gesellschaftskritischen Aspekt diser wesentlichen Kurzgeschichte vom Beginn der fünfziger Jahre betonen.
Ausgehend von der Fülle der Sekundärliteratur, die zu Ilse Aichingers "Spiegelgeschichte" vorliegt, weist der Autor auf weitere wesentliche Anspielungen und bildliche Elemente hin, die den ausgeprägt ...gesellschaftskritischen Aspekt diser wesentlichen Kurzgeschichte vom Beginn der fünfziger Jahre betonen.
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