Root caries is common in institutionalized elders, and effective prevention methods are needed. This clinical trial compared the effectiveness of four methods in preventing new root caries. From 21 ...residential homes, 306 generally healthy elders having at least 5 teeth with exposed sound root surfaces were randomly allocated into one of four groups: (1) individualized oral hygiene instruction (OHI); (2) OHI and applications of 1% chlorhexidine varnish every 3 months; (3) OHI and applications of 5% sodium fluoride varnish every 3 months; and (4) OHI and annual applications of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution. Two-thirds (203/306) of the elders were followed for 3 years. Mean numbers of new root caries surfaces in the four groups were 2.5, 1.1, 0.9, and 0.7, respectively (ANOVA, p < 0.001). SDF solution, sodium fluoride varnish, and chlorhexidine varnish were more effective in preventing new root caries than giving OHI alone.
Supermassive black holes have powerful gravitational fields with strong gradients that can destroy stars that get too close, producing a bright flare in ultraviolet and X-ray spectral regions from ...stellar debris that forms an accretion disk around the black hole. The aftermath of this process may have been seen several times over the past two decades in the form of sparsely sampled, slowly fading emission from distant galaxies, but the onset of the stellar disruption event has not hitherto been observed. Here we report observations of a bright X-ray flare from the extragalactic transient Swift J164449.3+573451. This source increased in brightness in the X-ray band by a factor of at least 10,000 since 1990 and by a factor of at least 100 since early 2010. We conclude that we have captured the onset of relativistic jet activity from a supermassive black hole. A companion paper comes to similar conclusions on the basis of radio observations. This event is probably due to the tidal disruption of a star falling into a supermassive black hole, but the detailed behaviour differs from current theoretical models of such events.
Background and Objective
Glycine powder air‐polishing (GPAP) is an alternative approach to removing subgingival plaque biofilms for effective periodontal therapy. This study aimed to investigate the ...effect of subgingival GPAP as an additional approach to nonsurgical periodontal treatment in subjects with chronic periodontitis.
Material and Methods
Twenty‐seven nonsmoking subjects were recruited. Two quadrants in each subject were randomly assigned, according to a split‐mouth design, to receive scaling and root planing (SRP) and GPAP (Test group) or SRP and air flushing with water (Control group) at sites with probing depth ≥5 mm. Clinical parameters, gingival crevicular fluid volumes and the concentrations of interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐1ra in gingival crevicular fluid were measured at baseline and 1, 3 and 6 months after the treatments.
Results
At baseline, no statistically significant difference in periodontal and gingival crevicular fluid parameters was found between the Test and Control groups. Overall, the periodontal conditions of all subjects showed significant improvement after the treatments. Notably, the Test group showed greater reduction in gingival crevicular fluid volume (0.37 ± 0.26 μL) than the Control group (0.23 ± 0.30 μL) at 3 months (P < .05). The gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐1ra showed a significant decrease in both groups at 6 months, and no significant difference was found between the groups.
Conclusion
These preliminary results suggest that GPAP, as an additional approach to nonsurgical periodontal treatment, may be beneficial for the short‐term improvement of subclinical inflammation when measured by gingival crevicular fluid volume. Further longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are required to clarify the exact benefits of GPAP treatment for controlling inflammation and maintaining long‐term periodontal health.
We have monitored 41 Be/X-ray binary systems in the Small Magellanic Cloud over image9 yr using PCA RXTE data from a weekly survey program. The resulting light curves were analyzed in search of ...orbital modulations with the result that 10 known orbital ephemerides were confirmed and refined, while 10 new ones where determined. A large number of X-ray orbital profiles are presented for the first time, showing similar characteristics over a wide range of orbital periods. Lastly, three pulsars, SXP 46.4, SXP 89.0, and SXP 165, were found to be misidentifications of SXP 46.6, SXP 91.1, and SXP 169, respectively.
Radiographs are an integral component of a periodontal assessment for those with clinical evidence of periodontal destruction. A close consideration of the current approach to periodontal diagnosis ...compatible with the current classification of periodontal diseases reveals that radiographs only inform with respect to diagnosis for a small proportion of conditions. The area in periodontal assessment in which radiographs play a pivotal role is in treatment planning. A variety of radiographic exposure types assist in the development of periodontal treatment plans. This “therapeutic yield” can be achieved by panoramic oral radiographs supplemented by selective intra‐oral views. Digital panoramic oral radiographs viewed on screen appear to offer advantages over printouts or films. Newer imaging approaches, such as cone‐beam computed (digital volume) tomography, may come to show some usefulness but experience has shown that digital subtraction radiography will probably remain a research tool without much clinical application.
Background and Objective
Risk for deterioration in treated aggressive periodontitis (AgP) individuals remained unclear. This retrospective cohort study investigated 7‐26 years of periodontal outcomes ...and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of young adults with advanced periodontitis.
Material and Methods
Eighty‐nine previously treated patients with AgP were re‐examined. Clinical and radiographic parameters before treatment discontinuation and at re‐examination were compared. OHRQoL at re‐call was assessed with the short‐form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14S).
Results
None of the subjects adhered to suggested periodontal therapy and maintenance after discharge. Mean percentage of sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥6 mm at re‐examination was 4.5 ± 5.9%. A total of 182 teeth had been lost over time. Tooth loss rate was 0.14/patient/year. From 68 subjects with documented favorable treatment outcomes, higher percentage of sites with PPD ≥6 mm at re‐examination and higher radiographic proximal bone loss was associated with current smoking status. Patients with AgP with <20 teeth at re‐call had worse OHRQoL than those with ≥20 teeth. Patients with higher full‐mouth mean PPD also reported poorer OHRQoL.
Conclusion
Treatment in patients with AgP who smoke and neglect proper supportive care, risk periodontal disease progression. Substantial tooth loss and higher full‐mouth mean PPD led to poorer OHRQoL in this cohort.
Successful use of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) in children has been reported, but little information is available regarding its use in older adults. The hypothesis of this study was that ...survival rates of root restorations placed by both ART and the conventional technique were similar. Root-surface caries lesions in 103 institutionalized elders in Hong Kong were treated randomly by either: (1) the conventional approach—caries removed by dental burs, and the cavity filled with light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer; or (2) the ART approach—caries removed by hand instruments, and the cavity filled with chemically cured high-strength glass ionomer. In total, 84 conventional and 78 ART restorations were placed. After 12 months, 63 conventional and 59 ART restorations were reviewed, and the respective 12-month survival rates were 91.7% and 87.0% (p > 0.05). It is concluded that the survival rates of both types of root restorations were high and similar.
Background
The current retrospective cross‐sectional study investigated 5–18‐year treatment outcomes in subjects who did not complete a recommended course of periodontal therapy.
Methods
Sixty‐five ...subjects who voluntarily discontinued therapy were recalled. The subjects’ demographic data and dental history since discontinuation of periodontal treatment were collected via questionnaires. The subjects’ periodontal condition, radiographic data and individual tooth‐based prognosis at pre‐discontinuation and recall were compared.
Results
A total of 229 teeth had been lost over time, mainly due to periodontal reasons. Upper and lower molars were most frequently lost. Rate of tooth loss (0.38/patient per year) was comparable to untreated patients. Deterioration in periodontal health in terms of increased percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP) and sites with probing pocket depths (PPD) of 6 mm or more at re‐examination was observed. Positive correlations were found between tooth loss and: (i) years since therapy discontinued; (ii) percentage of sites with PPD of 6 mm or more at pre‐discontinuation; and (iii) at re‐examination. Percentage of sites with PPD of 6 mm or more at recall was positively correlated with periodontal tooth loss and negatively correlated with percentage of sites without BOP.
Conclusions
Patients not completing a course of periodontal therapy are at risk of further tooth loss and deterioration in periodontal conditions over time.
Periodontal diseases are diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, with radiographs assisting in treatment planning decisions and in the delivery of periodontal care. In the first instance, use of a ...screening system, to screen out patients with minimal or no disease, and to screen in those with disease requiring full diagnosis and treatment planning for periodontitis, is a very helpful approach. The full diagnostic approach relies on periodontal probing and the response to probing. Periodontal probing depth measurements and periodontal attachment level registrations are recordings of clinical findings, which depend upon the state of health of the periodontal tissues to a large extent.
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