The cycling of organic nitrogen through the atmosphere Jickells, T.; Baker, A. R.; Cape, J. N. ...
Philosophical transactions - Royal Society. Biological sciences,
07/2013, Letnik:
368, Številka:
1621
Journal Article
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Atmospheric organic nitrogen (ON) appears to be a ubiquitous but poorly understood component of the atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux. Here, we focus on the ON components that dominate deposition ...and do not consider reactive atmospheric gases containing ON such as peroxyacyl nitrates that are important in atmospheric nitrogen transport, but are probably not particularly important in deposition. We first review the approaches to the analysis and characterization of atmospheric ON. We then briefly summarize the available data on the concentrations of ON in both aerosols and rainwater from around the world, and the limited information available on its chemical characterization. This evidence clearly shows that atmospheric aerosol and rainwater ON is a complex mixture of material from multiple sources. This synthesis of available information is then used to try and identify some of the important sources of this material, in particular, if it is of predominantly natural or anthropogenic origin. Finally, we suggest that the flux of ON is about 25 per cent of the total nitrogen deposition flux.
Increasing quantities of atmospheric anthropogenic fixed nitrogen entering the open ocean could account for up to about a third of the ocean's external (nonrecycled) nitrogen supply and up to ∼30% of ...the annual new marine biological production, ∼0.3 petagram of carbon per year. This input could account for the production of up to ∼1.6 teragrams of nitrous oxide ($\text{N}_{2}\text{O}$) per year. Although ∼10% of the ocean's drawdown of atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide may result from this atmospheric nitrogen fertilization, leading to a decrease in radiative forcing, up to about two-thirds of this amount may be offset by the increase in$\text{N}_{2}\text{O}$emissions. The effects of increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition are expected to continue to grow in the future.
An atom Michelson interferometer is implemented on an "atom chip." The chip uses lithographically patterned conductors and external magnetic fields to produce and guide a Bose-Einstein condensate. ...Splitting, reflecting, and recombining of condensate atoms are achieved by a standing-wave light field having a wave vector aligned along the atom waveguide. A differential phase shift between the two arms of the interferometer is introduced by either a magnetic-field gradient or with an initial condensate velocity. Interference contrast is still observable at 20% with an atom propagation time of 10 ms.
Despite over a century of published reports of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in precipitation, its implications are still being appraised. The number of studies focusing on atmospheric organic ...nitrogen deposition has increased steadily in recent years, but comparatively little has been done to draw together this disparate knowledge. This is partly a consequence of valid concerns about the comparability of analysis and sampling methodologies. Given the current global trends in anthropogenic nitrogen fixation, an improved qualitative and quantitative understanding of the organic nitrogen component is needed to complement the well-established knowledge base pertaining to nitrate and ammonium deposition. This global review confirms the quantitative importance of bulk DON in precipitation. This cumulative data set also helps to resolve some of the uncertainty that arises from the generally locally and temporally limited scale of the individual studies. Because of analytical and procedural changes in recent decades, assessments are made of the comparability of the data sets; caution is needed in comparisons of individual studies, but the overall trends in the compiled set are more robust. Despite the large number of reports considered, evidence for long-term temporal changes in rainwater organic nitrogen concentrations is ambiguous. With regard to sources, it is likely that some of the organic material observed is not locally generated, but undergoes extensive or long-range atmospheric transport. The compiled data set shows a land-to-sea gradient in organic nitrogen concentration. Possible precursors, reported data on the most likely component groups, and potential source mechanisms are also outlined.
Dopamine (DA) metabolism and cell trafficking are critical for the proper functioning of DA neurons. Disruption of these DA processes can yield toxic products and is implicated in neurological ...conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD). To investigate pathogenic mechanisms involving DA neurons, in vitro models that recapitulate DA metabolism and trafficking in vivo are crucial. N27 cells are a widely used model for PD; however, these cells exhibit little expression of the DA transporter (DAT) confounding studies of DA uptake and metabolism. This lack of adequate DAT expression calls into question the use of this cell line as a model to study DA cell trafficking and metabolism. To overcome this problem, we stably expressed the human DAT (hDAT) in N27 cells to develop cells that we named N27-BCD. This approach allows for characterization of toxicants that may alter DA metabolism, trafficking, and/or interactions with DAT. N27-BCD cells are more sensitive to the neurotoxins 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPTP/MPP+) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). N27-BCD cells allowed for clear observation of DA metabolism, whereas N27 cells did not. Here, we propose that stable expression of hDAT in N27 cells yields a useful model of DA neurons to study the impact of altered DA cell trafficking and metabolism.
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•hDAT-N27 cells (N27-BCD) provide a model of dopamine metabolism and trafficking.•hDAT expression yields measurable dopamine metabolism via HPLC-PDA detection.•N27 cells expressing hDAT are more sensitive to DAT-dependent neurotoxicants.
The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2235371 (IRF6 V274I) is associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in Han Chinese and other populations but appears to be ...without a functional effect. To find the common etiologic variant or variants within the haplotype tagged by rs2235371, we carried out targeted sequencing of an interval containing IRF6 in 159 Han Chinese with NSCL/P. This study revealed that the SNP rs12403599, within the IRF6 promoter, is associated with all phenotypes of NSCL/P, especially nonsyndromic cleft lip (NSCLO) and a subphenotype of it, microform cleft lip (MCL). This association was replicated in 2 additional much larger cohorts of cases and controls from the Han Chinese. Conditional logistic analysis indicated that association of rs2235371 with NSCL/P was lost if rs12403599 was excluded. rs12403599 contributes the most risk to MCL: its G allele is responsible for 38.47% of the genetic contribution to MCL, and the odds ratios of G/C and G/G genotypes were 2.91 and 6.58, respectively, for MCL. To test if rs12403599 is functional, we carried out reporter assays in a fetal oral epithelium cells (GMSM-K). Unexpectedly, the risk allele G yielded higher promoter activity in GMSM-K. Consistent with the reporter studies, expression of IRF6 in lip tissues from NSCLO and MCL patients with the G/G phenotype was higher than in those from patients with the C/C phenotype. These results indicate that rs12403599 is tagging the risk haplotype for NSCL/P better than rs2235371 in Han Chinese and supports investigation of the mechanisms by which the allele of rs12403599 affects IRF6 expression and tests of this association in different populations.
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