Abstract There exist very few mid-infrared (IR) observations of supernovae (SNe) in general. Therefore, SN 1987A, the closest visible SN in 400 yr, gives us the opportunity to explore the mid-IR ...properties of SNe, the dust in their ejecta, and the surrounding medium and to witness the birth of an SN remnant (SNR). The James Webb Space Telescope, with its high spatial resolution and extreme sensitivity, gives a new view on these issues. We report on the first imaging observations obtained with the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI). We build temperature maps and discuss the morphology of the nascent SNR. Our results show that the temperatures in the equatorial ring (ER) are quite nonuniform. This could be due to dust destruction in some parts of the ring, as had been assumed in some previous works. We show that the IR emission extends beyond the ER, illustrating the fact that the shock wave has now passed through this ring to affect the circumstellar medium on a larger scale. Finally, while submillimeter Atacama Large Millimeter Array observations have hinted at the location of the compact remnant of SN 1987A, we note that our MIRI data have found no such evidence.
Abstract
We present initial results from JWST NIRSpec integral field unit observations of the nearby supernova SN 1987A. The observations provide the first spatially resolved spectroscopy of the ...ejecta and equatorial ring (ER) over the 1–5
μ
m range. We construct 3D emissivity maps of the Fe
i
1.443
μ
m line from the inner ejecta and the He
i
1.083
μ
m line from the reverse shock (RS), where the former probes the explosion geometry and the latter traces the structure of the circumstellar medium. We also present a model for the integrated spectrum of the ejecta. The Fe
i
3D map reveals a highly asymmetric morphology resembling a broken dipole, dominated by two large clumps with velocities of ∼2300 km s
−1
. We also find evidence that the Fe-rich inner ejecta have started to interact with the RS. The RS surface traced by the He
i
line extends from just inside the ER to higher latitudes on both sides of the ER with a half-opening angle ∼45°, forming a bubble-like structure. The spectral model for the ejecta allows us to identify the many emission lines, including numerous H
2
lines. We find that the H
2
is most likely excited by far-UV emission, while the metal-line ratios are consistent with a combination of collisional excitation and recombination in the low-temperature ejecta. We also find several high-ionization coronal lines from the ER, requiring a temperature ≳2 × 10
6
K.
The nearby Supernova 1987A was accompanied by a burst of neutrino emission, which indicates that a compact object (a neutron star or black hole) was formed in the explosion. There has been no direct ...observation of this compact object. In this work, we observe the supernova remnant with JWST spectroscopy, finding narrow infrared emission lines of argon and sulfur. The line emission is spatially unresolved and blueshifted in velocity relative to the supernova rest frame. We interpret the lines as gas illuminated by a source of ionizing photons located close to the center of the expanding ejecta. Photoionization models show that the line ratios are consistent with ionization by a cooling neutron star or a pulsar wind nebula. The velocity shift could be evidence for a neutron star natal kick.
ABSTRACT
The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), has imaging, four coronagraphs, and both low and medium resolution spectroscopic modes. Being able to simulate ...MIRI observations will help commissioning of the instrument, as well as get users familiar with representative data. We designed the MIRI instrument simulator (mirisim) to mimic the on-orbit performance of the MIRI imager and spectrometers using the Calibration Data Products (CDPs) developed by the MIRI instrument team. The software incorporates accurate representations of the detectors, slicers, distortions, and noise sources along the light path including the telescope’s radiative background and cosmic rays. The software also includes a module that enables users to create astronomical scenes to simulate. mirisim is a publicly available python package that can be run at the command line, or from within python. The outputs of mirisim are detector images in the same uncalibrated data format that will be delivered to MIRI users. These contain the necessary metadata for ingestion by the JWST calibration pipeline.
Distinctive large-scale structures have been identified in the spatial distribution of optical galaxies up to redshift
z
∼ 1. In the more distant universe, the relationship between the dust-obscured ...population of star-forming galaxies observed at millimetre wavelengths and the network of cosmic filaments of dark matter apparent in all cosmological hydrodynamical simulations is still under study. Using the NIKA2 dual-band millimetre camera, we mapped a field of ∼90 arcmin
2
in the direction of the star GJ526 simultaneously in its 1.15-mm and 2.0-mm continuum wavebands to investigate the nature of the quasi-alignment of five sources found ten years earlier with the MAMBO camera at 1.2 mm. We find that these sources are not clumps of a circumstellar debris disc around this star as initially hypothesized. Rather, they must be dust-obscured star-forming galaxies, or sub-millimetre galaxies (SMGs), in the distant background. The new NIKA2 map at 1.15 mm reveals a total of seven SMGs distributed in projection on the sky along a filament-like structure crossing the whole observed field. Furthermore, we show that the NIKA2 and supplemental
Herschel
photometric data are compatible with a model of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of these sources when a common redshift of 2.5 and typical values of the dust parameters for SMGs are adopted. Hence, we speculate that these SMGs might be located in a filament of the distant ‘cosmic web’. The length of this candidate cosmic filament crossing the whole map is at least 4 cMpc (comoving), and the separations between sources are between 0.25 cMpc and 1.25 cMpc at this redshift, in line with expectations from cosmological simulations. Nonetheless, further observations to determine the precise spectroscopic redshifts of these sources are required to definitively support this hypothesis of SMGs embedded in a cosmic filament of dark matter.
The paper deals with the construction of images from visibilities acquired using aperture synthesis instruments: Fourier synthesis, deconvolution, and spectral interpolation/extrapolation. Its ...intended application is to specific situations in which the imaged object possesses two superimposed components: (i) an extended component together with (ii) a set of point sources. It is also specifically designed to the case of positive maps, and accounts for a known support. Its originality lies within joint estimation of the two components, coherently with data, properties of each component, positivity and possible support. We approach the subject as an inverse problem within a regularization framework: a regularized least-squares criterion is specifically proposed and the estimated maps are defined as its minimizer. We have investigated several options for the numerical minimization and we propose a new efficient algorithm based on augmented Lagrangian. Evaluation is carried out using simulated and real data (from radio interferometry) demonstrating the capability to accurately separate the two components.
Using the NIKA2 dual band millimeter camera installed on the IRAM30m telescope, we have mapped a relatively large field (~ 70 arcmin
2
) in the direction of the star GJ526 to investigate the nature ...of the sources found with the MAMBO camera at 1.2 mm ten years earlier. We have found that they must be dust-obscured galaxies (SMGs) in the background beyond the star. The new NIKA2 map at 1.15 mm reveals additional sources and, in fact, an overdensity of SMGs predominantly distributed along a filament-like structure in projection on the sky across the whole observed field. We speculate this might be a cosmic filament at high redshift as revealed in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. Measurement of spectroscopic redshifts of the SMGs in the candidate filament is required now for a definitive confirmation of the nature of the structure.
Planck 2015 results Ade, P A R; Aghanim, N; Arnaud, M ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
10/2016, Letnik:
594
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper presents cosmological results based on full-mission Planck observations of temperature and polarization anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Our results are in ...very good agreement with the 2013 analysis of the Planck nominal-mission temperature data, but with increased precision. The temperature and polarization power spectra are consistent with the standard spatially-flat 6-parameter LambdaCDM cosmology with a power-law spectrum of adiabatic scalar perturbations (denoted "base LambdaCDM" in this paper). From the Planck temperature data combined with Planck lensing, for this cosmology we find a Hubble constant, H sub(0)= (67.8 + or - 0.9) km s super(-1) Mpc super(-1), a matter density parameter Omega sub(m)= 0.308 + or - 0.012, and a tilted scalar spectral index with n sub(s)= 0.968 + or - 0.006, consistent with the 2013 analysis. Note that in this abstract we quote 68% confidence limits on measured parameters and 95% upper limits on other parameters. We present the first results of polarization measurements with the Low Frequency Instrument at large angular scales. Combined with the Planck temperature and lensing data, these measurements give a reionization optical depth of T= 0.066 + or - 0.016, corresponding to a reionization redshift of (ProQuest: Formulae and/or non-USASCII text omitted). These results are consistent with those from WMAP polarization measurements cleaned for dust emission using 353-GHz polarization maps from the High Frequency Instrument. We find no evidence for any departure from base LambdaCDM in the neutrino sector of the theory; for example, combining Planck observations with other astrophysical data we find N sub(eff)= 3.15 + or - 0.23 for the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom, consistent with the value N sub(eff)= 3.046 of the Standard Model of particle physics. The sum of neutrino masses is constrained to Sigma m sub(nu)< 0.23 eV. The spatial curvature of our Universe is found to be very close to zero, with Omega sub()K< 0.005. Adding a tensor component as a single-parameter extension to base LambdaCDM we find an upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio of r sub(0.002)< 0.11, consistent with the Planck 2013 results and consistent with the B-mode polarization constraints from a joint analysis of BICEP2, Keck Array, and Planck(BKP) data. Adding the BKP B-mode data to our analysis leads to a tighter constraint of r 0.002 < 0.09 and disfavours inflationarymodels with a V(phi) proportional = to phi super(2) potential. The addition of Planck polarization data leads to strong constraints on deviations from a purely adiabatic spectrum of fluctuations. We find no evidence for any contribution from isocurvature perturbations or from cosmic defects. Combining Planck data with other astrophysical data, including Type Ia supernovae, the equation of state of dark energy is constrained to w= -1.006 + or - 0.045, consistent with the expected value for a cosmological constant. The standard big bang nucleosynthesis predictions for the helium and deuterium abundances for the best-fit Planck base LambdaCDM cosmology are in excellent agreement with observations. We also constraints on annihilating dark matter and on possible deviations from the standard recombination history. In neither case do we find no evidence for new physics. The Planck results for base LambdaCDM are in good agreement with baryon acoustic oscillation data and with the JLA sample of Type Ia supernovae. However, as in the 2013 analysis, the amplitude of the fluctuation spectrum is found to be higher than inferred from some analyses of rich cluster counts and weak gravitational lensing. We show that these tensions cannot easily be resolved with simple modifications of the base LambdaCDM cosmology. Apart from these tensions, the base LambdaCDM cosmology provides an excellent description of the Planck CMB observations and many other astrophysical data sets.
Planck 2015 results Ade, P A R; Aghanim, N; Arnaud, M ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
10/2016, Letnik:
594
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The Planck full mission cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and E-mode polarization maps are analysed to obtain constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity (NG). Using three classes of ...optimal bispectrum estimators - separable template-fitting (KSW), binned, and modal - we obtain consistent values for the primordial local, equilateral, and orthogonal bispectrum amplitudes, quoting as our final result from temperature alone functionof super(local) sub(NL)= 2.5 + or - 5.7, functionof super(equil) sub(NL)= -16 + or - 70, , and functionof super(ortho) sub(NL)= -34 + or - 32 (68% CL, statistical). Combining temperature and polarization data we obtain functionof super(local) sub(NL)= 0.8 + or - 5.0, functionof super(equil) sub(NL)= -4 + or - 43, and functionof super(ortho) sub(NL)= -26 + or - 21 (68% CL, statistical). The results are based on comprehensive cross-validation of these estimators on Gaussian and non-Gaussian simulations, are stable across component separation techniques, pass an extensive suite of tests, and are consistent with estimators based on measuring the Minkowski functionals of the CMB. The effect of time-domain de-glitching systematics on the bispectrum is negligible. In spite of these test outcomes we conservatively label the results including polarization data as preliminary, owing to a known mismatch of the noise model in simulations and the data. Beyond estimates of individual shape amplitudes, we present model-independent, three-dimensional reconstructions of the Planck CMB bispectrum and derive constraints on early universe scenarios that generate primordial NG, including general single-field models of inflation, axion inflation, initial state modifications, models producing parity-violating tensor bispectra, and directionally dependent vector models. We present a wide survey of scale-dependent feature and resonance models, accounting for the "look elsewhere" effect in estimating the statistical significance of features. We also look for isocurvature NG, and find no signal, but we obtain constraints that improve significantly with the inclusion of polarization. The primordial trispectrum amplitude in the local model is constrained to be scriptg super(local) sub(NL)= (-0.9 + or - 7.7 ) X 10 super(4)(68% CL statistical), and we perform an analysis of trispectrum shapes beyond the local case. The global picture that emerges is one of consistency with the premises of the LambdaCDM cosmology, namely that the structure we observe today was sourced by adiabatic, passive, Gaussian, and primordial seed perturbations.
Planck 2015 results Ade, P A R; Aghanim, N; Arnaud, M ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
10/2016, Letnik:
594
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We present the implications for cosmic inflation of the Planck measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies in both temperature and polarization based on the full Planck survey, ...which includes more than twice the integration time of the nominal survey used for the 2013 release papers. The Planck full mission temperature data and a first release of polarization data on large angular scales measure the spectral index of curvature perturbations to be n sub(s)= 0.968 + or - 0.006 and tightly constrain its scale dependence to dn sub(s)/ dlnk= -0.003 + or - 0.007 when combined with the Planck lensing likelihood. When the Planck high-scriptl polarization data are included, the results are consistent and uncertainties are further reduced. The upper bound on the tensor-to-scalar ratio is r sub(0.002)< 0.11 (95% CL). This upper limit is consistent with the B-mode polarization constraint r< 0.12 (95% CL) obtained from a joint analysis of the BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck data. These results imply that V(phi) proportional = to phi super(2) and natural inflation are now disfavoured compared to models predicting a smaller tensor-to-scalar ratio, such as R super(2) inflation. We search for several physically motivated deviations from a simple power-law spectrum of curvature perturbations, including those motivated by a reconstruction of the inflaton potential not relying on the slow-roll approximation. We find that such models are not preferred, either according to a Bayesian model comparison or according to a frequentist simulation-based analysis. Three independent methods reconstructing the primordial power spectrum consistently recover a featureless and smooth scriptP sub()R super(()k)over the range of scales 0.008 Mpc super(-1)< or = k< or = 0.1 Mpc super(-1). At large scales, each method finds deviations from a power law, connected to a deficit at multipoles scriptlapproximate 20-40 in the temperature power spectrum, but at an uncompelling statistical significance owing to the large cosmic variance present at these multipoles. By combining power spectrum and non-Gaussianity bounds, we constrain models with generalized Lagrangians, including Galileon models and axion monodromy models. The Planck data are consistent with adiabatic primordial perturbations, and the estimated values for the parameters of the base Lambda cold dark matter (LambdaCDM) model are not significantly altered when more general initial conditions are admitted. In correlated mixed adiabatic and isocurvature models, the 95% CL upper bound for the non-adiabatic contribution to the observed CMB temperature variance is alpha sub(non - adi) < 1.9%, 4.0%, and 2.9% for CDM, neutrino density, and neutrino velocity isocurvature modes, respectively. We have tested inflationary models producing an anisotropic modulation of the primordial curvature power spectrum findingthat the dipolar modulation in the CMB temperature field induced by a CDM isocurvature perturbation is not preferred at a statistically significant level. We also establish tight constraints on a possible quadrupolar modulation of the curvature perturbation. These results are consistent with the Planck 2013 analysis based on the nominal mission data and further constrain slow-roll single-field inflationary models, as expected from the increased precision of Planck data using the full set of observations.
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