ABSTRACT
Persistent and unresolved inflammation is a common underlying factor observed in several and seemingly unrelated human diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. ...Particularly, in atopic conditions, acute inflammatory responses such as those triggered by insect venom, food or drug allergies possess also a life‐threatening potential. However, respiratory allergies predominantly exhibit late immune responses associated with chronic inflammation, that can eventually progress into a severe phenotype displaying similar features as those observed in other chronic inflammatory diseases, as is the case of uncontrolled severe asthma. This review aims to explore the different facets and systems involved in chronic allergic inflammation, including processes such as tissue remodelling and immune cell dysregulation, as well as genetic, metabolic and microbiota alterations, which are common to other inflammatory conditions. Our goal here was to deepen on the understanding of an entangled disease as is chronic allergic inflammation and expose potential avenues for the development of better diagnostic and intervention strategies.
Laccases have received much attention from researchers in last decades due to their ability to oxidise both phenolic and non-phenolic lignin related compounds as well as highly recalcitrant ...environmental pollutants, which makes them very useful for their application to several biotechnological processes. Such applications include the detoxification of industrial effluents, mostly from the paper and pulp, textile and petrochemical industries, use as a tool for medical diagnostics and as a bioremediation agent to clean up herbicides, pesticides and certain explosives in soil. Laccases are also used as cleaning agents for certain water purification systems, as catalysts for the manufacture of anti-cancer drugs and even as ingredients in cosmetics. In addition, their capacity to remove xenobiotic substances and produce polymeric products makes them a useful tool for bioremediation purposes. This paper reviews the applications of laccases within different industrial fields as well as their potential extension to the nanobiotechnology area.
Laccases have received much attention from researchers during the past decades due to their broad substrate specificity and to the fact that they use molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor ...instead of hydrogen peroxide as used by peroxidases. This makes laccases highly interesting for a wide variety of processes, such as textile dye decolouration, pulp bleaching, effluent detoxification, biosensors and bioremediation.
The successful application of laccases to the above-mentioned processes requires the production of large quantities of enzyme at low cost. Filamentous fungi are able to produce laccases in high amounts, however, an efficient production system at bioreactor scale is still lacking. This is mainly due to the fact that laccase production by wild-type strains of filamentous fungi is linked to secondary metabolism, which implies that the following drawbacks must be overcome: uncontrolled fungal growth, the formation of polysaccharides around mycelia and the secretion of certain compounds (
i.e. proteases) that inactivate laccases. This review summarizes the current status of laccase production by wild-type strains of filamentous fungi at the bioreactor scale.
In this paper, the potential of two low-cost adsorbents such as sunflower seed shells (SS) and mandarin peelings (MP) in the removal of the synthetic anionic dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5) from aqueous ...solutions was investigated. SS led to a percentage of dye removal higher than MP (85% and 71% after 210
min, respectively, for an initial RB5 concentration of 50
mg
L
−1 and an initial pH of 2.0).
The rate of adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the intra-particle diffusion was found to be the rate-controlling stage. In addition, the equilibrium data fitted well both the Freundlich and multilayer adsorption isotherm equations indicating the heterogeneity of the adsorbent surface. This was also corroborated by the SEM photographs. On the whole, the results in this study indicated that SS were very attractive materials for removing anionic dyes from dyed effluents.
In this paper, the effect of redox mediators on synthetic acid dye decolourization (Sella Solid Red and Luganil Green) by laccase from
Trametes hirsuta cultures has been investigated. All the redox ...mediators tested, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), led to higher activities than those obtained without mediators addition showing the suitability of the laccase/mediator system (LMS) in the decolourization of acid dyes. HBT was by far the most effective mediator, showing a decolourization percentage of 88% in 10
min for Sella Solid Red and of 49% in 20
min for Luganil Green.
On the other hand, the stability of laccase against several metal ions, normally found in textile wastewater, was assessed. Laccase was stable at a concentration of 1
mM for 7
d against all the metal ions tested except for Zn
+2,
CrO
4
-
2
, Cd
+2,
Cr
2
O
7
-
2
, Fe
+2, Cu
+2 and especially Hg
+2. When the concentration was increased to 10
mM laccase stability decreased against all the metals assayed, in particular against Fe
+2. In addition, the effect of metal ions on the decolourization process was also studied. It was found that Hg
+2 inhibited the dye decolourization process, being the presence of HBT absolutely required for dye decolourization.
Most synthetic dyes are toxic and hardly biodegradable compounds that enter the environment mainly through the discharged of non-treated textile industry effluents. The present study investigated the ...removal of the textile monoazo dye Reactive Red 198 (RR-198) from aqueous solutions using the ultraviolet light and ozonation alone and in combination (i.e., UV/O
3
) followed by a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The pH (5 ≤ pH ≤ 9) and dye initial concentration (50–300 mg/L) parameters were optimized in the ozonation process at reaction time of 0–60 min. Then, TOC removal and dye discoloration percentage was compared with the O
3
, UV and O
3
/UV processes. In order to compare the performance of the SBR in dye discoloration of RR-198 and TOC removal, four types of effluent, including Raw dye, O
3
-pretreated dye, UV-treated dye and UV/O
3
-pretreated dye were separately treated in the SBR system. In the ozonation process, by increasing the pH and reducing the initial dye concentration increased the discoloration percentage. The highest dye discoloration percentage and TOC removal obtained in the hybrid UV/O
3
/SBR process. Combining biological systems and Advanced Oxidation Processes is an appropriate option for the decomposition of resistant pollutants and increasing the biodegradability of these compounds and is applicable in the water and wastewater industry.
The decolouration of the metal-complex dyes Bemaplex Navy M-T (150 mg/L) and Bezaktiv Blue BA (150 mg/L) in nine successive batches by immobilised cultures of the white-rot fungus
was studied. Two ...different types of immobilisation supports were used: the commercial carriers Kaldnes™ K1 (synthetic supports) and sunflower-seed shells (SS) (natural supports). Bemaplex showed more resistance to degradation by
cultures than Bezaktiv, especially in the K1 cultures. Thus, SS cultures led to decolouration percentages higher than 59% for Bemaplex in all the batches save for the last two and higher than 50% for Bezaktiv in all the batches except for the 2nd and 9th ones. K1 cultures showed decolouration percentages for Bemaplex higher than 42% in batches 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7 and for Bezaktiv higher than 70% in all the batches save for the last one. Dye decolouration was mainly due to enzyme action (biodegradation).
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