A recent turn in the cognitive sciences has deepened the attention on embodied and situated dynamics for explaining different cognitive processes such as perception, emotion, and social cognition. ...This has fostered an extensive interest in the social and ‘intersubjective’ nature of moral behavior, especially from the perspective of enactivism. In this paper, I argue that embodied and situated perspectives, enactivism in particular, nonetheless require further improvements with regards to their analysis of the social nature of human morality. In brief, enactivist proposals still do not define what features of the social-relational context, or which kind of processes within social interactions, make an evaluation or action morally relevant or distinctive from other types of social normativity. As an alternative to this proclivity, and seeking to complement the enactive perspective, I present a definition of the process of moral sense-making and offer an empirically-based ethical distinction between different domains of social knowledge in moral development. For doing so, I take insights from the constructivist tradition in moral psychology. My objective is not to radically oppose embodied and enactive alternatives but to expand the horizon of their conceptual and empirical contributions to morality research.
According to some evolutionary theorists human prosocial dispositions emerged in a context of inter-group competition and violence that made our psychology parochially prosocial, ie. cooperative ...towards in-groups and competitive towards strangers. This evolutionary hypothesis is sometimes employed in bioethical debates to argue that human nature and contemporary environments, and especially large-scale societies, are
mismatched
. In this article we caution against the use of mismatch theories in moral philosophy in general and discuss empirical evidence that puts into question mismatch theories based on parochial prosociality. Evolutionary mismatch theories play at best a rhetorical role in these moral debates and may misrepresent the status of relevant evolutionary research. We finally recommend that moral philosophers interested in the evolutionary literature also engage with dispositions such as xenophilia and social tolerance to counterbalance the focus on psychological mismatches adopted so far.
Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) (known as PPGL in combination) are rare neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal ganglia. About 40% of the patients with PPGL ...have a hereditary predisposition. Here we present a case-series of 19 unrelated Colombian patients with a clinical diagnosis of PPGL tumors that underwent germline genetic testing as part of the Hereditary Cancer Program developed at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Colombia (INC-C), the largest reference cancer center in the country. Ten of 19 patients (52.63%) were identified as carriers of a pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) germline variant in a known susceptibility gene. The majority of the P/LP variants were in the
gene (9/10): one corresponded to a nonsense variant c.268C>T (p.Arg90*) and eight cases were found to be carriers of a recurrent CNV consisting of a large deletion of one copy of exon 1, explaining 42% (8/19) of all the affected cases. Only one additional case was found to be a carrier of a missense mutation in the
gene: c.355T>C (p.Phe119Leu). Our study highlights the major role of
in Colombian patients with a clinical diagnosis of PGL/PCC tumors and supports the recommendation of including the analysis of large deletions/duplications of the
gene as part of the genetic counselling to improve the detection rate of hereditary cases and their clinical care.
Infectious keratitis is a vision-threatening microbial infection. The increasing antimicrobial resistance and the fact that severe cases often evolve into corneal perforation necessitate the ...development of alternative therapeutics for effective medical management. Genipin, a natural crosslinker, was recently shown to exert antimicrobial effects in an ex vivo model of microbial keratitis, highlighting its potential to serve as a novel treatment for infectious keratitis. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of genipin in an in vivo model of
(
) and
(
) keratitis. Clinical scores, confocal microscopy, plate count, and histology were carried out to evaluate the severity of keratitis. To assess the effect of genipin on inflammation, the gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), were evaluated. Genipin treatment alleviated the severity of bacterial keratitis by reducing bacterial load and repressing neutrophil infiltration. The expression of interleukin 1B (IL1B), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 8 (IL8), interleukin 15 (IL15), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFNγ), as well as MMP2 and MMP9, were significantly reduced in genipin-treated corneas. Genipin promoted corneal proteolysis and host resistance to
and
infection by suppressing inflammatory cell infiltration, regulating inflammatory mediators, and downregulating the expression of MMP2 and MMP9.
This study is a literature review with educational evaluation mediated by intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) as its central axis seeking to establish state of the art on implementations executed in ...the last 20 years and their impact on the evaluation process. The PRISMA methodology was applied for the literature review; the studies were included using the R software and bibliometric techniques with a general search equation that allowed access to all ITS production in Scopus. Subsequently, with the help of artificial intelligence, text mining was used to identify topics of interest in the scientific community, followed by further filtering. Finally, the selected full texts were analyzed using the NVivo software to extract emerging challenges in the field, obtaining 163 full texts for analysis. Among the main findings, the primary purpose of evaluation in ITS was summative, peer and self-evaluation did not have the same level of importance as hetero evaluation, and ITS focus was quantitative. All of this allowed us to conclude that the analyzed texts did not implement a holistic perspective and therefore evidenced the need to establish a framework for constructing an ITS using current technologies that integrate the mentioned variables.
Second primary neoplasms are associated with high mortality and morbidity rates in cancer survivors successfully treated for the first malignancy. Studies suggested an association between the type of ...first neoplasm and risk of subsequent thyroid cancer, with part of this risk attributable to exposure to radiotherapy during treatment of the first primary tumor. This study aimed to determine whether radiotherapy is a risk factor for thyroid cancer in patients previously treated for another neoplasm.
This retrospective case-control study included patients diagnosed with their first cancer between 2007 and 2017. Patients who subsequently developed thyroid cancer as a second primary neoplasm were defined as “cases”, and patients who did not develop a second cancer were defined as “controls”. Exposure to radiotherapy was the primary risk factor of interest; other risk factors were the site to which radiotherapy was delivered and the first neoplasm type.
Exposure to radiotherapy was associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer (odds ratio OR=2.410, 95% confidence interval CI: 1.219–4.764), in particular, in women (OR=3.121, 95% CI: 1.232–7.907) and in patients receiving radiotherapy to the thorax (OR=6.298, 95% CI: 2.581–15.370). The median survival time from first cancer recovery to thyroid cancer occurrence was 63.80 months; there was no difference in survival between patients who did and did not receive radiotherapy (P=0.899).
Radiation to the thorax can increase the risk of thyroid cancer as a second neoplasm among patients with cancer successfully treated for their first cancer.
Les néoplasmes primitifs secondaires sont associés à un fort taux de mortalité et de morbidité chez les survivants d’un cancer après traitement efficace d’une première tumeur maligne. Les études suggèrent une corrélation entre le type du premier néoplasme et le risque d’apparition secondaire d’un cancer thyroïdien, le risque étant attribué à l’exposition à la radiothérapie lors du traitement de la première tumeur primitive. Cette étude a pour objectif de déterminer si la radiothérapie est un facteur de risque d’apparition d’un cancer de la thyroïde chez les patients ayant déjà été traités pour un autre néoplasme.
Cette étude cas-témoin rétrospective incluait des patients dont le premier cancer a été diagnostiqué entre 2007 et 2017. Les patients qui ont développés par la suite un cancer thyroïdien ont été définis comme « cas » et ceux qui n’ont pas développé de deuxième cancer comme « témoins ». L’exposition à la radiothérapie était le principal facteur de risque étudié ; les autres facteurs étudiés étaient: la zone traitée par radiothérapie et le type du premier néoplasme.
L’exposition à la radiothérapie était associée à un risque accru de cancer thyroïdien (odds ratio OR=2,410 ; intervalle de confiance à 95 % IC 95 %=1,219–4,764) en particulier chez les femmes (OR=3,121 ; 95 % IC=1,232–7,907) et chez les patients ayant bénéficié d’une radiothérapie du thorax (OR=6,298; 95 % CI=2,581–15,370). Le temps de survie médian entre la guérison du premier cancer et l’apparition du cancer thyroïdien était de 63,80 mois. Il n’y avait aucune différence du taux de survie entre les patients ayant bénéficié ou non de radiothérapie (p=0,899).
Une irradiation thoracique peut augmenter le risque de développer un cancer thyroïdien comme deuxième néoplasme chez les patients ayant été traités avec succès lors d’un premier cancer.
The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has produced epidemic outbreaks of significant public health impact. The clinical symptoms of this disease are fever, polyarthralgia, and skin rash, generally ...self-limiting, although patients may develop a chronic disabling condition or suffer lethal complications. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment or vaccine available. Thus, the search for effective therapies to control CHIKV infection is an urgent need. This study evaluated the antiviral activity of flavonoids isolated from
Marcetia taxifolia
by
in vitro
and
in silico
analysis. Cytotoxicity of compounds was determined by MTT assay and viral load was assessed in cell substrates supernatants by plaque-forming and RT-qPCR assays. Selected molecules were analyzed by molecular docking assays. Myricetin 3-rhamnoside (MR) and myricetin 3-(6-rhamnosylgalactoside) (MRG) were tested for antiviral assays and analyzed by the TCID50 method and RT-qPCR. MR exhibited dose-dependent antiviral activity, reducing viral titer at concentrations of 150-18.8 μg/mL by at least 1-log. Similarly, MRG showed a significant decrease in viral titer at concentrations of 37.5, 9.4, and 2.3 μg/mL. RT-qPCR analysis also displayed a substantial reduction of CHIKV RNA for both flavonoids. Furthermore, molecular docking of the selected flavonoids proposed the nsP3 macrodomain as a possible target of action. Our study reveals that MR and MRG could be considered promising anti-CHIKV therapeutic agents. Molecular modeling studies showed MR and MRG ligands with a high affinity for the N-terminal region of the nsP3 macrodomain, postulating them as a potential target of action for the CHIKV control.
El Comando Aéreo de Combate N.° 4 (cacom 4) es uno de los encargados de realizar misiones aéreas operativas por medio de sus comisiones de orden público, y efectúa la instrucción y el entrenamiento ...de los futuros pilotos en el territorio colombiano y de países amigos. Durante los años 2018, 2019 y 2020 en el cacom 4 se evidenció un incremento en el parte de aeronaves, número de horas de vuelo y recurrencia de los mantenimientos, pero a pesar de estas condiciones, el almacén aeronáutico ha mantenido sus características de espacio desde el año 1956 sin mayores cambios físicos notorios.
Así las cosas, se pretendió determinar la factibilidad de un modelo eficiente, flexible y ágil basado en la logística esbelta para los inventarios del almacén aeronáutico de la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana ubicado en el Comando Aéreo de Combate N.° 4, por medio del desarrollo de una caracterización, un benchmarking y la propuesta de un rediseño de layout. Evidenciando que mediante la aplicación del Kai-Zen basado en 9S y planes de estandarización en el trabajo, se establecieron mejoras relacionadas con la reducción de desperdicios, optimización de espacio e inventarios y se brindaron las recomendaciones necesarias para una efectividad en todos los procesos.
Subtotal cholecystectomy is a type of surgical bail-out procedure indicated when facing difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to not reaching the critical view of safety, inadequate ...identification of the anatomical structures involved and/or risk of injury.
A comprehensive search on PubMed were performed using the following Mesh terms: Subtotal cholecystectomy and Partial cholecystectomy. The PubMed databases were used to search for English-language reports related to Subtotal cholecystectomy between January 1, 1987, the date of the first published laparoscopic cholecystectomy, through January 2023. 41 studies were included.
Subtotal cholecystectomy's incidence oscillates between 4.00% and 9.38%. Strasberg et al., divided subtotal cholecystectomies in "fenestrating" and "reconstituting" types based on if the remaining portion of the gallbladder was left open or closed. Subtotal cholecystectomy can sometimes be a challenging procedure and is associated to a high rate of complications such as biliary fistula, retained gallstones, subhepatic or subphrenic collections, among others.
Subtotal cholecystectomy is a safe alternative when facing difficult cholecystectomy in which the critical view of safety is not reached in order to avoid complications. A classification system should be implemented in surgical descriptions to compare the different surgical techniques employed. In order to avoid bile leakage and cholecystitis of the remnant gallbladder, the surgical technique must be performed skillfully. There is still a current lack of information on alternative techniques such as omental plugging or falciform patch in order to judge their utility. There needs to be further research on long-term complications such as malignancy of the remnant gallbladder.
Uveal melanoma is considered a rare disease but it is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Local treatments are effective, but the systemic recurrence rate is unacceptably high. ...Moreover, once metastasis have developed the prognosis is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%, and systemic therapies, including immunotherapy, have rendered poor results. The tumour biology is complex, but angiogenesis is a highly important pathway in these tumours. Vasculogenic mimicry, the ability of melanomas to generate vascular channels independently of endothelial cells, could play an important role, but no effective therapy targeting this process has been developed so far. Angiogenesis modulates the tumour microenvironment of melanomas, and a close interplay is established between them. Therefore, combining immune strategies with drugs targeting angiogenesis offers a new therapeutic paradigm. In preclinical studies, these approaches effectively target these tumours, and a phase I clinical study has shown encouraging results in cutaneous melanomas. In this review, we will discuss the importance of angiogenesis in uveal melanoma, with a special focus on vasculogenic mimicry, and describe the interplay between angiogenesis and the tumour microenvironment. In addition, we will suggest future therapeutic approaches based on these observations and mention ways in which to potentially enhance current treatments.
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