Amauroderma
s.lat. has been defined mainly by the morphological features of non-truncate and double-walled basidiospores with a distinctly ornamented endospore wall. In this work, taxonomic and ...phylogenetic studies on species of
Amauroderma
s.lat. are carried out by morphological examination together with ultrastructural observations, and molecular phylogenetic analyses of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (
RPB1
) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (
RPB2
), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (
TEF
) and the β-tubulin gene (
TUB
). The results demonstrate that species of
Ganodermataceae
formed ten clades. Species previously placed in
Amauroderma
s.lat. are divided into four clades:
Amauroderma
s.str.,
Foraminispora
,
Furtadoa
and a new genus
Sanguinoderma
. The classification of
Amauroderma
s.lat. is thus revised, six new species are described and illustrated, and eight new combinations are proposed. SEM micrographs of basidiospores of
Foraminispora
and
Sanguinoderma
are provided, and the importance of SEM in delimitation of taxa in this study is briefly discussed. Keys to species of
Amauroderma
s.str.,
Foraminispora
,
Furtadoa
, and
Sanguinoderma
are also provided.
Wrightoporia accommodates polypores producing finely asperulate and amyloid basidiospores, and causing white rot. Thirty-nine species have been described or transferred to this genus; however, only a ...few species have been referred to molecular phylogeny. In this study, about
140 worldwide specimens of Wrightoporia s.l. were studied morphologically, and ITS and/or nLSU regions from 37 samples, representing 19 species, were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Six clades of Wrightoporia s.l. were recognized. The Wrightoporia s.str. clade includes
W. avellanea, W. lenta (the generic type) and W. subavellanea. Three clades segregating from Wrightoporia s.str. were proposed separately as three new genera, namely Larssoniporia gen. nov., Pseudowrightoporia gen. nov. and Wrightoporiopsis
gen. nov. Two other clades were named after Amylonotus and Amylosporus. According to phylogenetic and morphological evidence, species previously treated in Wrightoporia were transferred to Amylonotus, Amylosporus and the new genera, or were retained as members
of Wrightoporia s.l. because no good solution for these species could be found so far. In addition, one new species in Larssoniporia, three new species in Pseudowrightoporia and two new species in Wrightoporiopsis were described. Identification keys to the six genera
and species in Amylonotus, Amylosporus, Larssoniporia, Pseudowrightoporia, Wrightoporia and Wrightoporiopsis are provided, respectively.
Prior research on the effects of leader humility implies that the more humility the leader exhibits, the greater the positive effect on recipients (e.g., followers and teams). However, little or no ...attention has so far been paid to the effects on the actors (e.g., leaders), who espouse humble behavior. In response to recent calls to theorize and examine how humility impacts these actors, this research draws on moral licensing theory, adopting an actor-centric approach to examine the mechanisms through which leader humility can lead to unethical behavior, such as unethical behavior for an organization (pseudobeneficial) and unethical behavior toward the organization (detrimental). Ultimately, we propose leader relational accountability as a moderator to mitigate the moral licensing effect of humble leaders. Results from a survey study provide support for the proposed hypotheses.
Ganodermataceae is one of the main families of macrofungi since species in the family are both ecologically and economically important. The double-walled basidiospores with ornamented endospore walls ...are the characteristic features of Ganodermataceae . It is a large and complex family; although many studies have focused on Ganodermataceae , the global diversity, geographic distribution, taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of Ganodermataceae still remained incompletely understood. In this work, taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on worldwide species of Ganodermataceae were carried out by morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analyses inferred from six gene loci including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene ( rpb2 ), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene ( tef1 ), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU) and the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU). A total of 1 382 sequences were used in the phylogenetic analyses, of which 817 were newly generated, including 132 sequences of ITS, 139 sequences of nLSU, 83 sequences of rpb2 , 124 sequences of tef1 , 150 sequences of mtSSU and 189 sequences of nSSU. The combined six-gene dataset included sequences from 391 specimens representing 146 taxa from Ganodermataceae . Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, 14 genera were confirmed in Ganodermataceae : Amauroderma , Amaurodermellus , Cristataspora , Foraminispora , Furtadoella , Ganoderma , Haddowia , Humphreya , Magoderna , Neoganoderma , Sanguinoderma , Sinoganoderma , Tomophagus and Trachydermella . Among these genera, Neoganoderma gen. nov. is proposed for Ganoderma neurosporum ; Sinoganoderma gen. nov. is proposed for Ganoderma shandongense ; Furtadoella gen. nov. is proposed to include taxa previously belonging to Furtadoa since Furtadoa is a homonym of a plant genus in the Araceae ; Trachydermella gen. nov. is proposed to include Trachyderma tsunodae since Trachyderma is a homonym of a lichen genus in the Pannariaceae . Twenty-three new species, viz., Ganoderma acaciicola , G. acontextum , G. alpinum , G. bubalinomarginatum , G. castaneum , G. chuxiongense , G. cocoicola , G. fallax , G. guangxiense , G. puerense , G. subangustisporum , G. subellipsoideum , G. subflexipes , G. sublobatum , G. tongshanense , G. yunlingense , Haddowia macropora , Sanguinoderma guangdongense , Sa. infundibulare , Sa. longistipitum , Sa. melanocarpum , Sa. microsporum and Sa. tricolor are described. In addition, another 33 known species are also described in detail for comparison. Scanning electron micrographs of basidiospores of 10 genera in Ganodermataceae are provided. A key to the accepted genera of Ganodermataceae and keys to the accepted species of Ganoderma , Haddowia , Humphreya , Magoderna , Sanguinoderma and Tomophagus are also provided. In total, 278 species are accepted as members of Ganodermataceae including 59 species distributed in China.
Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on Datronia were carried out. Phylogeny based on ITS, nLSU and RBP2 regions revealed that Datronia in current sense includes species belonging to three distantly ...related clades in polypores. The Datronia in a restricted sense is
proposed for the clade including the type species D. mollis and D. stereoides. Neodatronia gen. nov. was proposed for two new resupinate species, N. gaoligongensis and N. sinensis. Species of Neodatronia differ from Datronia s.s. by their resupinate
basidiomes, moderately to frequently branched skeletal hyphae in subiculum. Datroniella gen. nov., typified by D. scutellata was proposed for species in the other clade. Four new species of Datroniella, D. melanocarpa, D. subtropica, D. tibetica and
D. tropica, were identified. Species of Datroniella differ from Datronia s.s. by their moderately to frequently branched skeletal hyphae in context and absence of dendrohyphidia. While, differentiate from Neodatronia by their small pileate, effused-reflexed or rarely
resupinate basidiomes and absence of dendrohyphidia. Illustrated descriptions of the new species and two new genera are provided. The main morphological differences between Datronia, Datroniella, Neodatronia and related genera are discussed, identification keys to related
genera and species in each genus are provided.
The southernmost San Andreas fault has a high probability of rupturing in a large (greater than magnitude 7.5) earthquake sometime during the next few decades. New simulations show that the chain of ...sedimentary basins between San Bernardino and downtown Los Angeles form an effective waveguide that channels Love waves along the southern edge of the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains. Earthquake scenarios with northward rupture, in which the guided wave is efficiently excited, produce unusually high long‐period ground motions over much of the greater Los Angeles region, including intense, localized amplitude modulations arising from variations in waveguide cross‐section.
Computer simulations of large (M≥7.8) earthquakes rupturing the southern San Andreas Fault from SE to NW (e.g., ShakeOut, widely used for earthquake drills) have predicted strong long‐period ground ...motions in the densely populated Los Angeles Basin due to channeling of waves through a series of interconnected sedimentary basins. Recently, the importance of this waveguide amplification effect for seismic shaking in the Los Angeles Basin has also been confirmed from observations of the ambient seismic field. By simulating the ShakeOut earthquake scenario (based on a kinematic source description) for a medium governed by Drucker‐Prager plasticity, we show that nonlinear material behavior could reduce the earlier predictions of large long‐period ground motions in the Los Angeles Basin by up to 70% as compared to viscoelastic solutions. These reductions are primarily due to yielding near the fault, although yielding may also occur in the shallow low‐velocity deposits of the Los Angeles Basin if cohesions are close to zero. Fault zone plasticity remains important even for conservative values of cohesions, suggesting that current simulations assuming a linear response of rocks are overpredicting ground motions during future large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas Fault.
Key PointsWe simulate the M 7.8 ShakeOut earthquake scenario for an elastoplastic mediumPeak ground velocities are reduced by 30–70% compared to a viscoelastic mediumThese reductions are mostly caused by plastic yielding in the fault zone
Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies on the brown-rot fungi
Postia
and related genera, are carried out. Phylogenies of these fungi are reconstructed with multiple loci DNA sequences including the ...internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit (nLSU) and the small
subunit (nSSU) of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, the small subunit of mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). Ten distinct clades of
Postia
s.lat. are recognized. Four new genera,
Amaropostia
,
Calcipostia
,
Cystidiopostia
and
Fuscopostia
, are established, and nine new species,
Amaropostia hainanensis
,
Cyanosporus fusiformis
,
C. microporus
,
C. mongolicus
,
C. piceicola
,
C. subhirsutus
,
C. tricolor
,
C. ungulatus
and
Postia sublowei
, are identified. Illustrated descriptions of the new genera and species are presented. Identification keys to
Postia
and related genera, as well as keys to the species of each genus, are provided.
We have measured the muon flux and production rate of muon-induced neutrons at a depth of 611 m water equivalent. Our apparatus comprises three layers of crossed plastic scintillator hodoscopes for ...tracking the incident cosmic-ray muons and 760 L of a gadolinium-doped liquid scintillator for producing and detecting neutrons. The vertical muon intensity was measured to be I sub(mu)=(5.7+ or -0.6)x10 super(-6)cm super(- 2)s super(-1)sr super(-1). The yield of muon-induced neutrons in the liquid scintillator was determined to be Y sub(n)=(1.19+ or -0.08(stat)+ or -0.21(syst))x10 super(-4)neutrons/(mumiddotgmiddotcm super(-2)). A fit to the recently measured neutron yields at different depths gave a mean muon energy dependence of <E sub(mu)> super(0.76+ or -0.03) for liquid-scintillator targets.
We simulate ground motion in southern California from an ensemble of 7 spontaneous rupture models of large (Mw7.8) northwest‐propagating earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault (ShakeOut‐D). ...Compared to long‐period spectral accelerations from the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) empirical relations, ShakeOut‐D predicts similar average rock‐site values (i.e., within roughly their epistemic uncertainty), but significantly larger values in Los Angeles and Ventura basins due to wave‐guide focusing effects. The ShakeOut‐D ground motion predictions differ from those of a kinematically parameterized, geometrically similar, scenario rupture: (1) the kinematic rock‐site predictions depart significantly from the common distance‐attenuation trend of the NGA and ShakeOut‐D results and (2) ShakeOut‐D predictions of long‐period spectral acceleration within the basins of the greater Los Angeles area are lower by factors of 2–3 than the corresponding kinematic predictions. We attribute these differences to a less coherent wavefield excited by the complex rupture paths of the ShakeOut‐D sources.
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