This report reviews the state of the literature and opportunities for research related to "executive control function" (ECF). ECF has recently been separated from the specific cognitive domains ...(memory, language, and praxis) traditionally used to assess patients. ECF impairment has been associated with lesions to the frontal cortex and its basal ganglia-thalamic connections. No single putative ECF measure can yet serve as a "gold standard." This and other obstacles to assessment of ECF are reviewed. ECF impairment and related frontal system lesions and metabolic disturbances have been detected in many psychiatric and medical disorders and are strongly associated with functional outcomes, disability, and specific problem behaviors. The prevalence and severity of ECF deficits in many disorders remain to be determined, and treatment has been attempted in only a few disorders. Much more research in these areas is necessary.
The U.S. residential real estate market is unlike international markets of Australia, Singapore, and New Zealand, where public auctions are common or even preferred by property sellers, particularly ...for new homes. In these foreign markets, excess demand and supply shortages drive sale price premiums for auctioned properties. We use residential property sales for 2000-2017 from Montgomery, Alabama, to investigate latent differences between sale prices for properties selling at public auction versus sale prices resulting from privately negotiated transactions closed by real estate agents who report results to their regional multiple listing service. Of the residential properties in our sample, only 0.6 percent sold via auction, and there were no sales of newly constructed homes. Properties sold by auction demonstrate reduced information asymmetry and improved pricing accuracy; however, these properties tend to be in the lower price range, older, lower quality, previously on the market for a more significant amount of time, and those selling at lower prices. In addition to using other econometric methods, we incorporate a factor analysis, a method not often used in real estate research but well suited to our study. New homes sold via private negotiation show the highest orthogonal factor loading. At the same time, our demand and bank-owned property variables have higher factor loadings for publicly auctioned properties. Our conclusions persist even after removing foreclosed properties from the analysis.
Disordered eating behaviors, including frequent dieting, unhealthy weight control behaviors (e.g., vomiting and skipping meals for weight loss) and binge eating are prevalent among adolescents. While ...negative, conflict-ridden family environments have long been implicated as problematic and a contributing factor to the development of disordered eating, few studies have examined the influence of marital conflict exposure in childhood to understand the development of these behaviors in adolescence. The current study investigates the impact of marital conflict, children's emotional insecurity about the marital relationship, and disordered eating behaviors in early adolescence in a prospective, longitudinal study of a community sample of 236 families in Midwest and Northeast regions of the U.S. Full structural mediation analyses utilizing robust latent constructs of marital conflict and emotional insecurity about the marital relationship, support children's emotional insecurity as an explanatory mechanism for the influence of marital conflict on adolescent disordered eating behaviors. Findings are discussed with important implications for the long-term impact of marital conflict and the development of disordered eating in adolescence.
•We model the influence of children's exposure to marital conflict in kindergarten on disordered eating behaviors in adolescence through a prospective, process-oriented, longitudinal study of a community sample of families.•We examine children's emotional insecurity about the marital relationship as the underlying mechanism among this relationship.•Children exposed to destructive forms of marital conflict in kindergarten are at risk for experiencing higher levels of emotional insecurity about the marital relationship in second grade, and in turn at risk for higher levels of maladaptive eating behaviors in seventh grade.•Marital conflict exposure in early childhood may help explain the development of disordered eating in adolescence.
Context:
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) improves glycemic control in diabetic animals and is secreted from the gastrointestinal tract after meals in response to bile acid stimulation.
Objective:
...We sought to understand how ingestion of carbohydrates, protein or lipids affect both FGF19 and bile acid concentrations in human plasma, with the hypothesis that variation in the bile acid response to different macronutrients would predict differences in plasma FGF19 levels.
Design:
This was a randomized, within-subjects crossover study.
Setting:
The study was conducted at a university clinical research center.
Participants:
There were 16 healthy human subjects included in the study.
Interventions:
Isocaloric, isovolemic beverages composed primarily of carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids were provided to each participant on 3 separate occasions.
Main Outcome Measures:
The magnitudes of postprandial rises of plasma FGF19 and total bile acid levels were determined.
Results:
All beverages induced an initial transient decline of plasma FGF19 levels during the first 60 minutes after consumption. For FGF19, the ingestion of carbohydrate was associated with the fastest and highest increase of plasma levels, returning to baseline at 5 hours. By comparison, the protein beverage induced a modest but significant elevation of FGF19 levels that peaked at the end of the 6-hour sampling interval, whereas a lipid beverage was without effect. In contrast, total bile acid levels increased in plasma only in response to a high-lipid beverage, demonstrating a marked divergence between the FGF19 and bile acid response to lipid vs carbohydrate.
Conclusions:
A bile acid-independent mechanism is implicated in the effect of meals to raise plasma FGF19 concentrations.
Present-day people from England and Wales have more ancestry derived from early European farmers (EEF) than did people of the Early Bronze Age
. To understand this, here we generated genome-wide data ...from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and western and central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of people of England and Wales from the Iron Age, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to the Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange
. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and the independent genetic trajectory in Britain is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to approximately 50% by this time compared to approximately 7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.
We hypothesized that if infection is the proximate cause of congenital biliary atresia, an appropriate response to antigen would occur in lymph nodes contiguous with the biliary remnant. We compared ...the number of follicular germinal centers (GC) in 79 surgically excised hilar lymph nodes (LN) and 27 incidentally discovered cystic duct LNs in 84 subjects at the time of hepatic portoenterostomy (HPE) for biliary atresia (BA) to autopsy controls from the pancreaticobiliary region of non-septic infants >3 months old at death. All 27 control LN lacked GC, a sign in infants of a primary response to antigenic stimulation. GC were found in 53% of 106 LN in 56 of 84 subjects. Visible surgically excised LN contiguous with the most proximal biliary remnants had 1 or more well-formed reactive GC in only 26/51 subjects. Presence of GC and number of GC/LN was unrelated to age at onset of jaundice or to active fibroplasia in the biliary remnant but was related to older age at HPE. Absent GC in visible and incidentally removed cystic duct LNs predicted survival with the native liver at 2 and 3 years after HPE, P = .03, but significance was lost at longer intervals. The uncommon inflammatory lesions occasionally found in remnants could be secondary either to bile-induced injury or secondary infection established as obstruction evolves. The absence of consistent evidence of antigenic stimulation in LN contiguous with the biliary remnant supports existence of at least 1 major alternative to infection in the etiology of biliary atresia.
The
ep
→
e
′
p
ρ
0
reaction has been measured using the 5.754GeV electron beam of Jefferson Lab and the CLAS detector. This represents the largest ever set of data for this reaction in the valence ...region. Integrated and differential cross-sections are presented. The
W
, Q
2
and
t
dependences of the cross-section are compared to theoretical calculations based on the
t
-channel meson-exchange Regge theory, on the one hand, and on quark handbag diagrams related to Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) on the other hand. The Regge approach can describe at the
30% level most of the features of the present data while the two GPD calculations that are presented in this article which succesfully reproduce the high-energy data strongly underestimate the present data. The question is then raised whether this discrepancy originates from an incomplete or inexact way of modelling the GPDs or the associated hard scattering amplitude or whether the GPD formalism is simply inapplicable in this region due to higher-twists contributions, incalculable at present.
PDF
