The ATLAS Experiment has upgraded some off-detector readout chains during the 2013–2015 LHC shut down and an additional barrel layer has been inserted as part of the Pixel Detector: the Insertable ...B-Layer (IBL). The Layers 2 and 1 of the ATLAS Pixel Detector have also been upgraded, using the same Back Of Crate (BOC) and ReadOut-Driver (ROD) cards designed for IBL, while maintaining the front-end sensors unchanged. The same IBL BOC and ROD card configuration has been used for the upgrade of the B-Layer and Disks. The entire upgrade of the ATLAS Pixel Detector readout is now finished, after the technical stop in 2018. In parallel with the commissioning of the above Phase-0 upgrade of the current ATLAS Pixel Detector we have designed and fabricated a new readout electronic board, PCIe based, to address the requirements of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Phase-2 upgrade. This new board features many of the input–output interfaces to address the requirements of the front-end electronics being developed for the future upgrade, in particular to interface with the future pixel detectors and with FELIX readout cards. Preliminary results and tests are presented here.
Recently the ATLAS Pixel Detector at CERN has been upgraded by inserting an additional layer of pixels, the Insertable B-Layer (IBL). In addition, the off-detector readout electronics of the other ...layers that composed the Pixel Detector (the B-Layer, the Layer 1, the Layer 2 and the Disks) were updated using the IBL readout boards. The system has been updated, one layer at a time, giving priority to the next critical layer as the luminosity and level-1 trigger frequency increased. Hence, after IBL, the first critical layer was the Layer 2, then the Layer 1 and finally the B-Layer and the Disks. Eventually, after the technical stop in 2018 the entire ATLAS Pixel Detector will share the same off-detector readout electronics.
In parallel with the commissioning of the upgrade of the current ATLAS Pixel Detector we have designed and fabricated a new readout electronic board to address the requirements of the LHC Phase-2 upgrade. Two batches of prototypes of a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) Gen. 2 boards have been designed and fabricated, the second being a patched version of the first. The first batch was composed of two boards, called Pixel ReadOut Driver (Pixel_ROD) and the second batch was made of five cards called π-LUP. All the boards feature many of the input–output ports and interfaces to address the requirements of the future front-end electronics being developed for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Phase-2 upgrade. Thus, the current VERSABUS Module Eurocard (VME) bus will be replaced with the PCIe bus to accommodate the huge increase of throughput (data to be transferred to the DAQ). In this new scenario, the GigaBit Transceiver (GBT) and Aurora protocols are compatible with our boards and the GBTx and RD53A chips will be the first components to be interfaced with. Some laboratory results and measurements are presented here.
•Off-detector readout boards define a huge challenge for the LHC Phase-2 upgrade.•COTS are ever more replacing custom electronics in off-detector readout systems.•Firmware for latest generation FPGAs is a big issue to design and maintain.•PCI-express bus is a proposal for the LHC readout upgrade.
In the past three decades, brain single-photon-emission-computed-tomography (SPECT) imaging has garnered a significant, evidence-based foundation for a wide array of indications relevant to the field ...of clinical psychiatry, including dementia, traumatic brain injuries, seizures, cerebrovascular disease, complex neuropsychiatric presentations, and treatment-resistant disorders. In clinical psychiatric practice, however, SPECT remains underutilized. Only a small percentage of psychiatric clinicians use brain imaging technology. In this article, the authors provide a rationale for shifting the paradigm to one that includes broader use of SPECT in the clinical psychiatric setting, primarily for patients with complex conditions. This paper will outline seven specific clinical applications. Adding neuroimaging tools like SPECT to day-to-day clinical practice can help move psychiatry forward by transforming mental health care, which can be stigmatizing and often shunned by the general public, to brain health care, which the authors argue will be more likely to be embraced by a larger group of people in need.
This systematic review evaluated the clinical utility of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in traumatic brain injury (TBI).
After defining a PICO Statement (Population, Intervention, ...Comparison and Outcome Statement), PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria were applied to identify 1600 articles. After screening, 374 articles were eligible for review. Inclusion for review was focus on SPECT in the setting of mild, moderate, or severe TBI with cerebral lobar specificity of SPECT findings. Other inclusion criteria were comparison modalities in the same subjects and articles in English. Foreign language articles, SPECT studies that did not include comparison modalities, and case reports were not included for review.
We identified 19 longitudinal and 52 cross-sectional studies meeting inclusion criteria. Three longitudinal studies examined diagnostic predictive value. The first showed positive predictive value increases from initial SPECT scan shortly after trauma to one year follow up scans, from 59% to 95%. Subsequent work replicated these results in a larger cohort. Longitudinal and cross sectional studies demonstrated SPECT lesion localization not detected by CT or MRI. The most commonly abnormal regions revealed by SPECT in cross-sectional studies were frontal (94%) and temporal (77%) lobes. SPECT was found to outperform both CT and MRI in both acute and chronic imaging of TBI, particularly mild TBI. It was also found to have a near 100% negative predictive value.
This review demonstrates Level IIA evidence (at least one non-randomized controlled trial) for the value of SPECT in TBI. Given its advantages over CT and MRI in the detection of mild TBI in numerous studies of adequate quality, and given its excellent negative predictive value, it may be an important second test in settings where CT or MRI are negative after a closed head injury with post-injury neurological or psychiatric symptoms.
We report on the results of a radiation campaign with neutrons and protons of Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) produced by Hamamatsu (HPK) as prototypes for the High-Granularity Timing Detector ...(HGTD) in ATLAS. Sensors with an active thickness of 50μm were irradiated in steps of roughly 2× up to a fluence of 3×1015neqcm−2. As a function of the fluence, the collected charge and time resolution of the irradiated sensors will be reported for operation at −30 °C.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly heterogeneous and often present with overlapping symptomology, providing challenges in reliable classification and ...treatment. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) may be advantageous in the diagnostic separation of these disorders when comorbid or clinically indistinct.
Subjects were selected from a multisite database, where rest and on-task SPECT scans were obtained on a large group of neuropsychiatric patients. Two groups were analyzed: Group 1 with TBI (n=104), PTSD (n=104) or both (n=73) closely matched for demographics and comorbidity, compared to each other and healthy controls (N=116); Group 2 with TBI (n=7,505), PTSD (n=1,077) or both (n=1,017) compared to n=11,147 without either. ROIs and visual readings (VRs) were analyzed using a binary logistic regression model with predicted probabilities inputted into a Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis to identify sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. One-way ANOVA identified the most diagnostically significant regions of increased perfusion in PTSD compared to TBI. Analysis included a 10-fold cross validation of the protocol in the larger community sample (Group 2).
For Group 1, baseline and on-task ROIs and VRs showed a high level of accuracy in differentiating PTSD, TBI and PTSD+TBI conditions. This carefully matched group separated with 100% sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the ROI analysis and at 89% or above for VRs. Group 2 had lower sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, but still in a clinically relevant range. Compared to subjects with TBI, PTSD showed increases in the limbic regions, cingulum, basal ganglia, insula, thalamus, prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes.
This study demonstrates the ability to separate PTSD and TBI from healthy controls, from each other, and detect their co-occurrence, even in highly comorbid samples, using SPECT. This modality may offer a clinical option for aiding diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
This paper studies the radiation hardness of low gain avalanche detector (LGAD) developed by the Novel Device Laboratory (NDL) in Beijing and the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of Chinese ...Academy of Sciences, in the context of an upgrade project of the ATLAS detector for the high luminosity phase of LHC. NDL LGAD sensors with different layouts, epitaxial resistivity and doping profile were irradiated up to 1.02 × 1015 neq/cm2 by 70 MeV protons at Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC). The timing resolution of NDL LGAD sensors reached 50 ps and the collected charge reached 3 - 4 fC after irradiation.
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