This work proposes a statistical modeling approach for the artificial neural network (ANN) based compact model (CM). The method of retaining part of the network features of the nominal device and ...further finetuning the network parameters (variational neurons) is found to accurately reproduce the static variation. A mapping from process variation to network parameters is derived by combining the proposed variational neuron selection algorithm and the backward propagation of variance (BPV) method. In addition, a secondary classification of the selected variational neurons is applied to model the fabrication-induced correlation between n-and p-type devices. The NN-based statistical modeling approach has been well implemented and verified on the GAA simulation data and the 16nm node foundry FinFET, which indicates its great potential in modeling emerging and advanced device technology.
The yellow marmorated stink bug, Erthesina fullo (Thunberg, 1783), is a major pest of certain tree fruits in Northeast Asia. To better understand the feeding mechanism of E. fullo, the fine structure ...of the mouthparts, including the distribution and abundance of sensilla, are examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their functions are observed directly under laboratory conditions. The feeding performance is described in detail and illustrated for the first time. The adult feeding process involves several steps, including exploring and puncturing of the host plant epidermis, a probing phase, an engorgement phase, and removal of the mouthparts from the host tissue. Proceeding from labium towards the mandibular stylets, the movement pattern becomes increasingly stereotypical, including the sensilla on the tip of the labium probing, the labium making an elbow-like bend between the first and second segment, the base of the stylet fascicle housing in the groove of the labrum, the mandibular stylets penetrating the site and maxillary stylets feeding. In terms of morphology, the mouthparts are similar to those of other Heteroptera, consisting of a triangular pyramidal labrum, a tube-like and segmented labium with a deep groove on the anterior side, and a stylet fascicle consisting of two mandibular and two maxillary stylets. The four-segmented labium has five types of sensilla basiconica, three types of sensilla trichodea, two types of sensilla campaniformia and 1 type of sensilla coeloconica. Among them, sensilla trichodea one and sensilla basiconica one are most abundant. The tripartite apex of the labium is covered with abundant sensilla trichodea three and a few sensilla basiconica 5. The mandibular stylet tips have two nodules preapically on the dorsal margin of the convex external surface, which may help in penetrating plant tissue and anchoring the mouthparts. The externally smooth maxillary stylets interlock to form a larger food canal and a smaller salivary canal. The structure and function of the mouthparts are adapted for the phytophagous feeding habit in this species. Similarities and differences between the mouthparts of E. fullo and those of other Heteroptera are discussed.
•The traditional mineralization path of CN− was overturned in a novel Electro-Fenton system.•CN− could be converted into NO3− but not CNO− by the synergy of •OH and •O2−.•The Electro-Fenton system ...shows the feasibility of practical application for the actual cyanide residue eluent.
Traditional methods of cyanides’ (CN−) mineralization cannot overcome the contradiction between the high alkalinity required for the inhibition of hydrogen cyanide evolution and the low alkalinity required for the efficient hydrolysis of cyanate (CNO−) intermediates. Thus, in this study, a novel Electro-Fenton system was constructed, in which the free cyanides released from ferricyanide photolysis can be efficiently mineralized by the synergy of •OH and •O2−. The complex bonds in ferricyanide (100 mL, 0.25 mM) were completely broken within 80 min under ultraviolet radiation, releasing free cyanides. Subsequently, in combination with the heterogeneous Electro-Fenton process, •OH and •O2− were simultaneously generated and 92.9% of free cyanides were transformed into NO3- within 120 min. No low-toxic CNO− intermediates were accumulated during the Electro-Fenton process. A new conversion mechanism was proposed that CN− was activated into electron-deficient cyanide radical (•CN) by •OH, and then the •CN intermediates reacted with •O2− via nucleophilic addition to quickly form NO3-, preventing the formation of CNO− and promoting the mineralization of cyanide. Furthermore, this new strategy was used to treat the actual cyanide residue eluent, achieving rapid recovery of irons and efficient mineralization of cyanides. In conclusion, this study proposes a new approach for the mineralization treatment of cyanide-containing wastewater.
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A physics-based SPICE model for dopant segregated tunneling field-effect transistors (DS-TFETs) with gate-to-drain underlap is developed for the design technology co-optimization (DTCO) of TFETs with ...the foundry process. It captures all the current components in full operation regions, including band-to-band tunneling (BTBT), forward p-i-n diode, gate leakage, and also ambipolar conduction. The channel surface potential is formulated first, with which the current expressions are derived and verified with experiments calibrated TCAD simulations. Model predictions of current, conductance, and voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) are in good agreement with measurement data of hardware devices (nTFET and pTFET) as well as circuits. This model has been written in Verilog-A language and employed in the TFET circuits design.
A generic compact modeling approach for emerging memories is developed in this work. State transitions, as well as the electric properties of each state, usually require separate efforts from a ...physics perspective. To accelerate memory modeling, a data-driven approach is explored with the recurrent Non-linear Auto Regressive with Exogenous inputs (NARX) network. The recurrent module captures the state transition dynamics, while a feedforward module is responsible for the non-linear states, such as high and low resistance states. The generic NARX-based model is demonstrated with high accuracy for emerging memories of different physics, such as resistive random-access-memory (ReRAM) and ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ). It is extendable to statistical modeling which is useful to cover memory variations. Circuit simulations are demonstrated with successful convergence, attributed to the capability of the NARX network and its compatibility with simulators.
Physical inactivity is a global problem, and active video games (AVGs) have been demonstrated as effective at motivating players to be more physically active. Virtual-reality AVGs (VRAVGs) further ...encourage engagement with exerting gameplay by challenging players to move in a full 360-degree range of motion. As a unique feature of VRAVGs, we examined the influence of using multiple playable angles in Beat Saber on players' physical activity and psychological outcomes. A between-subjects experiment randomly assigned participants (N = 240) to one of the three playable angles (single fixed angle, 90-degree, and 360-degree modes). Informed by the interactivity-as-demand model, a moderated mediation model of playable angles on enjoyment was supported. Players perceive higher cognitive and exertional demands in both multi-angle modes than those in single-angle mode, which leads to greater perceived difficulty and further enhances the enjoyment for players with a higher need for cognition, but negatively affects the enjoyment for players with a lower need for cognition. Multi-angle modes also led to greater motivation for future play and subjective vitality through greater cognitive demands, and more physical activity via higher exertional demands. We conclude that, in VR exercise, multiple playable angles are a unique feature that positively influences physical activity outcomes.
This study demonstrated that implementation of the Proteus effect via manipulation of avatar age in VR is effective among elderly individuals in the context of exercise. One hundred and four elderly ...adults aged 60 years and older who did not engage in vigorous physical activities participated in this experiment with a 2 (avatar age: young vs. older) × 2 (sex: male vs. female) design. The results showed that the embodiment of younger avatars (age approximately 20 years) in VR leads to greater perceived exercise exertion regardless of sex after controlling for age and emotion. Older adults with young avatars perceived a greater contribution of efforts to exercise. This study also found that among those who did not engage in vigorous exercise, female older adults who embodied young avatars reported greater self-efficacy for future exercise and greater physical activity during the exercise phase than those who embodied older avatars. This study suggests that females are more likely to be motivated to continue exercising through young avatar embodiment. In contrast, female elderly who embodied old avatars reported significant fewer physical activity than male elderly who embodied old avatars. This indicated that the Proteus effect had stronger effects among females than among older males. Although we found the Proteus effect through VR avatar manipulation, the effect was temporary and limited to the experimental phase. This study is the first to examine the Proteus effect among elderly individuals in the context of exercise. It also contributes to the literature by indicating that avatar age manipulation is an effective means of promoting exercise among elderly individuals and helping them achieve exercise outcomes. This study further demonstrates that female elderly individuals respond to young avatars differently than male elderly individuals, with female elderly individuals showing more positive effects of young avatar embodiment than males. Implications and theoretical contributions are discussed.
Soil antibiotic resistance due to animal manure application is of great concern in recent years. Little is known about the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural soils associated ...with long-term manure application. Here we used soil microcosms to investigate the dissipation of ARGs and the change of bacterial community in agricultural soil originated from a vegetable field which had received 24 years' swine manure application. Soil microcosms were conducted at different soil moistures and with or without biochar over a testing period of two years in lab. Results showed that continuous manure application induced an accumulation of ARGs in soil, wherein the dissipation of ARGs differed from those in non-manure amended soil. ARGs persisted in soils at least two years, although their abundance declined gradually. Meanwhile, soil moisture and biochar had significant impact on the fate of ARGs. ARGs dissipated faster in soil with higher moisture. Biochar amendment contributed to the maintenance of bacterial diversity. Within the two years of simulation experiment, biochar enhanced soil ARG retention as they dissipated slowly in the soil amended with biochar. Succession of microbial community may have sustained the transfer and resilience of ARGs. This study provides insight into the dissipation of antibiotic resistance genes in manure-applied agricultural soil.
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•ARGs persisted in agricultural soils at least two years after manure application•Dissipation pattern of ARGs in manure applied soil was different to the control.•Abundance of ARGs in manure-applied soils declined gradually within two years.•Moisture and biochar had significant impact on soil ARGs and microbial community.•Biochar amendment maintained the bacterial diversity and enhanced ARG retention.
Mouthparts are among the most important sensory and feeding structures in insects and comparative morphological study may help explain differences in feeding behavior and diet breadth among species. ...The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) is a polyphagous agricultural pest originating in China, recently established and becoming widespread in Korea, and more recently introduced into eastern North America. It causes severe economic damage by sucking phloem sap and the sugary excrement produced by nymphs and adults serves as a medium for sooty mold. To facilitate future study of feeding mechanisms in this insect, the fine-structural morphology of mouthparts focusing on the distribution of sensilla located on the labium in adult L. delicatula was observed using a scanning electron microscope. The mouthparts consist of a small cone-shaped labrum, a tubular labium and a stylet fascicle consisting of two inner interlocked maxillary stylets partially surrounded by two shorter mandibular stylets similar to those found in other hemipteran insects. The five-segmented labium is unusual (most other Fulgoromorpha have four segments) and is provided with several types of sensilla and cuticular processes situated on the apex of its distal labial segment. In general, nine types of sensilla were found on the mouthparts. Six types of sensilla and four types of cuticular processes are present on sensory fields of the labial apex. The proposed taxonomic and functional significance of the sensilla are discussed. Morphological similarities in the interlocking mechanism of the stylets suggest a relationship between Fulgoromorpha and Heteroptera.
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