Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα, encoded by ESR1) is a well-characterized transcription factor expressed in more than 75% of breast tumors and is the key biomarker to direct endocrine therapies. On the ...other hand, much less is known about estrogen receptor beta (ERβ, encoded by ESR2) and its importance in cancer. Previous studies had some disagreement, however most reports suggested a more favorable prognosis for patients with high ESR2 expression. To add further clarity to ESR2 in breast cancer, we interrogated a large population-based cohort of primary breast tumors (n = 3207) from the SCAN-B study. RNA-seq shows ESR2 is expressed at low levels overall with a slight inverse correlation to ESR1 expression (Spearman R = -0.18, p = 2.2e-16), and highest ESR2 expression in the basal- and normal-like PAM50 subtypes. ESR2-high tumors had favorable overall survival (p = 0.006), particularly in subgroups receiving endocrine therapy (p = 0.03) and in triple-negative breast cancer (p = 0.01). These results were generally robust in multivariable analyses accounting for patient age, tumor size, node status, and grade. Gene modules consistent with immune response were associated to ESR2-high tumors. Taken together, our results indicate that ESR2 is generally expressed at low levels in breast cancer but associated with improved overall survival and may be related to immune response modulation.
Europium-activated barium–strontium yttrate nanocrystals having different concentrations were fabricated by an energy-efficient urea-fueled solution combustion approach with sintering at 1100 °C for ...3 h. Orthorhombic crystal structure with space group Pnma was confirmed by the Rietveld refinement technique based on X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystallite size dispersion and morphological features were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Energy-dispersive system provided a clue about elemental composition in the prepared host lattice. Energy-gap analysis was carried out by using Kubelka–Munk theory with diffuse reflectance spectra. Photoluminescence investigations revealed a bright red emission at 612 nm in the visible region on excitation by a NUV light source. The red color was a result of the
5
D
0
→
7
F
2
electronic transition. The concentration quenching mechanism in the prepared nanophosphor was studied with the help of Dexter’s theory as well as I–H model generalization, where multipolar interactions were found to be responsible for the same. Quantum efficiency and non-radiative rates were also calculated using Auzel Model and found to be 83% and 110.6 s
−1
, respectively, for the optimal sample. Finally, the correlated color temperature and Commission International de I’eclairage coordinates were found to resemble with red coordinates of RGB-based WLEDs.
A very convenient and energy-saving route named Solution-Combustion Synthesis had been adopted to prepare a sequence of Sr
6
Y
2
Al
4
O
15
:Eu
3+
(1.0–5.0 mol%) nanophosphorshaving an excellent ...luminescence which is very requisite in the solid-state illumination sector. The monoclinic phase and the crystallinity of the prepared samples were confirmed by Powder X-Ray Diffraction and the Rietveld refinement technique. Non-uniformity and somewhat agglomeration of particles having a size between 32 nm and 62 nm, were observed during morphological probes via Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopies. The red-light emission was due to electronic transition from
5
D
0
→
7
F
2
states which is purely electric-dipole allowed transition. Dexter’s approach as well as Inokuti-Hirayama model,were cast-off to look into photoluminescent properties. Both these models confirmed the multipolar interactions as the main cause for concentration quenching after 3.0 mol% of Europium(III) content. Various other radiative properties such as decay-time, quantum efficiency, non-radiative relaxation rates were also determined. Red light parameters like Color Coordinate Temperature and Commission International de I’Eclairage color coordinates were also evaluated which confirmed the potential candidature of the prepared nanophosphors for the most recent version of wLEDs, lasers, sensors, advanced solar cells, etc.
Ca
9
Y(VO
4
)
7
phosphor activated with Er
3+
ions have been developed by the urea-aided solution combustion technique. XRD profiles assisted with Rietveld refinement executed over-developed Er
3+
...-activated Ca
9
Y(VO
4
)
7
powder, revealed a trigonal phase with the R3c space group. The electron microscope techniques namely TEM and SEM characterize the size and surface-linked qualities of the developed nanopowder, respectively. The uniform distribution of various elements in the nanocrystalline sample is authenticated by an energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) system. The E
g
(band gap) value of 3.64 eV for Ca
9
Y
0.9
Er
0.1
(VO
4
)
7
and 3.74 eV for Ca
9
Y(VO
4
)
7
has been estimated. Upon 382 nm excitation, Er
3+
: Ca
9
Y(VO
4
)
7
phosphor gives rise to the bright green emission owing to the
4
S
3/2
→
4
I
15/2
transition. The concentration quenching after 10 mol% composition of trivalent erbium ions is attributed to dipole-dipole interlinkages in accordance with Dexter’s theory. The radiative lifetime (1.1083 ms), non-radiative rates (0.2079 ms
− 1
), quantum efficiency (79%), along with colorimetric parameters i.e. CIE x (= 0.2577), y (= 0.4566), and CCT quantities offer Ca
9
Y
0.9
Er
0.1
(VO
4
)
7
as a proficient green radiating nanomaterial for RGB phosphors in solid-state applications.
In the present system, Sm
3+
activated Ba
2
BiV
3
O
11
nanomaterial series radiating orange-red light was developed via an efficient approach of solution combustion method. The structural ...examinations using XRD analysis indicate that the sample is crystallized into the monoclinic phase with the P21/a (14) space group. The elemental composition and morphological conduct were studied via energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. Also, the formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Photoluminescent (PL) examinations reveal the orange-red emission from the developed nanocrystals via documenting the emission spectra, which reveals the peak at 606 nm due to the
4
G
5/2
→
6
H
7/2
transition. Further, the decay time, non-radiative rates, quantum efficiency, and band gap of the optimal sample were computed as 1.3263 ms, 219.5 s
− 1
, 70.88%, and 3.41 eV respectively. Finally, the chromatic parameters including color - coordinates (0.5565, 0.4426), 1975 K color correlated temperature (CCT), and color purity (85.58%) reflected their excellent luminous performance. The above-mentioned outcomes endorsed the relevancy of the developed nanomaterials as a propitious agent in the engineering of advanced illuminating optoelectronic appliances.
A series of Ca
9
Gd(VO
4
)
7
: Dy
3+
(x = 0.01–0.20) nanophosphor crystals emitting a cool white light were synthesized by solution combustion methodology. The X-ray diffraction patterns were ...analyzed and processed using Rietveld refinement. The fabricated nanophosphor was found to crystallize in a trigonal crystal lattice with space group R3c(161). The morphological behavior of the prepared nanophosphor was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photoluminescence properties of the nanophosphor correspond to cool white emission upon near-ultraviolet (NUV) excitation at 327 nm due to
4
F
9/2
→
6
H
15/2
(bluish) and
4
F
9/2
→
6
H
13/2
(yellowish) radiative relaxations at 487 nm and 576 nm respectively. Also, there is a strong occurrence of double charge transfer from O
2−
ions to Dy
3+
and V
5+
ions with the latter being stronger due to the high positive charge of V
5+
ions. Color coordinates (x = 0.2878, y = 0.3259) are consistent with white emission. Auzel's model was implemented to examine the non-radiative relaxation (113.5 ms
−1
), radiative lifetime (1.4856 ms), and quantum efficiency (83.13%) values. The crystalline and optical behavior of the synthesized cool white emitting nanophosphor facilitates its use in near-UV-based WLEDs and other advanced solid-state lighting.
Novel yttrium oxide-based orange-red emanative BaSrY
4(1−
x
)
Sm
4
x
O
8
(
x
= 1.0–6.0 mol%) nanopowder were manufactured by ecologically benign and less energy consuming urea combustion ...methodology. Crystal structure investigations reported the orthorhombic symmetry type with Pnma (62) phase group. Nano-range of 25–40 nm and agglomerated morphology of the developed crystal were known by performing transmission and scanning electron microscopy. EDAX (energy dispersive X-ray analysis) results traced the uniform elemental composition of the nanomaterials. The manufactured materials depicted the fine orange-red band at 607 nm via
4
G
5/2
→
6
H
7/2
typical transition. Optical investigations revealed the wide
E
gap
(band gap) values of BaSrY
3.88
Sm
0.12
O
8
(5.25 eV) and BaSrY
4
O
8
(5.79 eV). Reliance of the glowing intensity of the manufactured nanocrystals on activator (Sm
3+
) amount proclaimed the BaSrY
3.88
Sm
0.12
O
8
as most alluring one, reporting CIE coordinates (0.580, 0.418), 96.31% color purity, 1667 K CCT (correlated color temperature), and 54.8% quantum efficiency. These magnificent results certified the relevancy of the targeted nanocrystals as a novel auspicious agent in the manufacturing of solid-state downconverted WLEDs.
Green-emitting BaSrGd
4
O
8
: Er
3+
nanophosphor is effectively synthesized using the solution combustion route. For crystallographic and morphological attributes, the samples have been characterized ...by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The atomic parameters are refined with the aid of Rietveld refinement realization, and the orthorhombic phase with space group Pnma (62) is confirmed. EDS analysis reveals the chemical composition while SEM and TEM techniques confirm the irregular shapes. On near-UV excitation, the luminescence spectrum presents a fair green emission at 18,083 cm
−1
wavenumbers consistent with the electronic transition
4
S
3/2
→
4
I
15/2
. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is used to examine the bandgap energy. Radiative lifetime, quantum efficiency, and rates of radiation-less electronic transitions are also examined. The CIE (Commission International de l’Eclairage) coordinates and hence the CCT (color coordinate temperature) values of the chromaticity plot are thus finalizing their potential contention in SSL (solid-state lighting) and other advanced optoelectronic applications.
An efficient, low-energy technique named solution-combustion synthesis was taken into use to generate a sequence of BaY
(1−
x
)
Zn
3
AlO
7
:
x
Tb
3+
(
x
= 0.01–0.10) nanophosphor. The powder X-ray ...diffraction patterns braced by Rietveld refinement established the sustenance of BaYZn
3
AlO
7
lattice having hexagonal phase with space group P63mc (186). The most bulging peak in emanation spectra of the nanostructure at 543 nm was due to
5
D
0
→
7
F
2
electronic transition resulting in a green emission when excited by a near-UV light source (
λ
max
= 278 nm). The quantum efficiency for the optimized sample was found out to be 78%. The synthesized nanophosphor with an optimum concentration of Tb
3+
, i.e., BaY
0.95
Tb
0.05
Zn
3
AlO
7
, and the standard host were characterized by DRS (diffuse reflectance spectroscopy), and bandgaps were evaluated which were found to be 4.63eV and 4.67eV respectively. The color coordinates also existed in the greenish section of the chromaticity diagram (
x
= 0.221 and
y
= 0.46). The CCT (correlated color temperature) was also evaluated for whole series of nanophosphors and found to be 1714 K for the optimized one that confirmed its applications in warm LED’s fabrication.
Orangish-red radiating Ba
2
YAlO
5
:Sm
3+
nanomaterials were fabricated by an ideal, ecologically benign, and less energy-consuming propellant-combustion route. Crystal structure investigations ...revealed monoclinic symmetry with a P2
1
/(11) phase group. The morphological analysis showed roughly spherical topography of agglomerated nanostructured particles (38–65 nm). The fabricated materials showed a fine orangish-red peak at 599 nm. Optical investigations revealed a wide indirect-bandgap value (= 3.6647 eV ± 0.0058 eV) for the Ba
2
Y
0.98
Sm
0.02
AlO
5
sample. The dependence of the luminescence intensity of the prepared nanocrystals on activator (Sm
3+
) amount showed that the Ba
2
Y
0.98
Sm
0.02
AlO
5
sample, as the most desirable, demonstrated color coordinates (0.5955, 0.4192) with 1729 K correlated color temperature (CCT) and 70.78% color purity (CP), which approached red-commercial coordinates (0.570, 0.420) of the Nichia Corporation-fabricated amber light-emitting diode (LED) NSPAR 70BS. These magnificent results confirmed the relevancy of the targeted nanocrystals as an excellent material for potential applicability in solid-state down-converted white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs).
Graphic Abstract
