Power consumption has always been a problem in the Internet of Things community, especially for small wireless devices. The devices need something to power them up in the long run. To achieve a ...sustainable and power-efficient device, there needs to be some kind of protocol which can conserve power, works well on unreliable networks, and does not compromise security. The study was done to compare the power usage of MQTT (Message Queueing Telemetry Transport) protocol with other several lightweight Internet of Things protocols, which are CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). The comparison was done by measuring the current consumption in each protocols each time the ESP8266 board sends a message to the corresponding server of the protocol in an interval. To conclude, we studied the comparison of power usage in the ESP8266 board with the MQTT protocol and compared it with other protocols.
Coleus amboinicus L. leaf (CAL) could reduce the rate of amino acid deamination and protein degradation within the rumen. This phenomenon would hopefully increase the amount of protein that passes ...through the rumen to the abomasum. Therefore, it might improve the digestibility of the ration and then influence the milk yield and quality. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of extracted CAL within the ration on the ration digestibility, milk yield, and milk quality of Ettawa crossbred (EC) goats. This study used sixteen EC with an average weight of 32.25 ± 3.31 kg and aged 1.5–2.5 years. Experimental goats were fed diets with different CAL extracts: P0, 0% (control); P1, 2% powdered CAL; P2, 2% ethanol-extracted CAL; and P3, 2% water-extracted CAL. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replication blocks. All variables were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and significances were followed by Duncan’s test. P3 treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased milk yield and milk quality in comparison with control. Unlike the other treatments, P3 treatment was water-extracted CAL that could affect these variables. P3 treatment showed the best result among the four treatments. In conclusion, P3 treatment, the supplementation of 2% water-extracted CAL within the ration, could improve the milk yield up to 30.24% in comparison with the control ration and also improve milk composition, such as milk protein (4.47%), milk casein (3.99%), milk fat (3.85%), and solid nonfat (SNF) (6.53%). The supplementation of water-extracted CAL within ration could improve the milk yield and milk quality of EC.
Abstract
In general, the parking doorstop system used in Indonesia, still using a cable or bluetooth to connection to a button or switch for open and close the parking doorstop. To record the ...identity of the vehicle still using manual paper, and to enter and leave the vehicle still using the operator. This results in a quite solid vehicle queue. The parking system above is not reliable for a faster parking system. So this research will utilize Visible Light Communication technology by utilizing the characteristics of several photodiode sensors and lighting to send and receive text data from Visible Light Communication (VLC). In this parking system will utilize vehicle lights in the form of Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights, and use Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) communication from the sender with a frequency of 490 hz with time efficient. In this research, vehicle that will be used is a motorcycle. The results of the study for receiving and sending data using PWM modulation which can still be read and received correctly are at a distance of 220cm during the day with a value of 245 and 290cm lux at night with a value of 163 lux. receipt of data from the sender that is equal to 0.28 seconds. In this study the data transmission angle was changed and obtained the recipient response value at vulnerable distances of 50 to 90cm with effective data that is at an angle of 5 degrees.
Abstract
In this research, we explain the use of visible light communication technology for communication systems between motorbikes, where so far motorcycle lights have only been used for lighting ...or speed markers. But now, with visible light communication we can use it as a medium to communicate between vehicles, especially motorbikes. Visible light communication (VLC) is a communication system using visible light as an information carrier. VLC has many advantages including in terms of safety, speed, and ease of application to the user to send various types of information including digital data such as text and images. The VLC transmission section will use the LED motorcycle headlamps to send information to the receiver i.e. Light-to-Voltage Sensors are mounted on the back of a motorcycle when several motorbikes are in convoy or platooning. This study describes the use of VLC Vehicle-to-vehicle technology so that motorbikes can communicate with each other so that the motorcycle itself can adjust the distance with other motorbikes in front of him without being under or semi-controlled by the rider. From the results of measurements with the selected transmitter and receiver system, communication between motorbikes can be done up to 130 cm during the day and 180 cm at night. The potential of this technology is that it can truly support communication systems between vehicles such as self-driving motorcycles in the future.
The aim of this study was to revealthe in vitro gas profile of basal diet added with Coleus amboinicus lour (CAL). The basal diet was added with CAL extracted with different solvent of each water and ...ethanol. There were four treatments of this experiment namely P0: basal diet (control), P1: basal diet added with 2 % of CAL powder, P2:basal diet added with 2 % of CAL extracted with water, P3 basal diet added with 2 % of CAL extracted withethanol. Each sample was incubated for 48 h following the Reading Gas technique methods with slight modification. Gas was collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 36 and 48 h. The parameters measured were the total gas production (P), potential gas production (b) and rate of gas production (c). The results of this experiment showed that P and b were significant (P<0.05) different. The total gas production was 122.16, 94.78, 122.34 and 62.34 ml/g for P0, P1, P2 and P3 respectively and b was 124.88, 100.13, 117.05 and 80.76 ml/g for P0, P1, P2 andP3 respectively. The value of c was not significant (P>0.05) among four treatments. The value of c was 0.0625, 0.0525, 0.0525 and 0.0425 for P0, P1, P2 andP3 respectively. It could be concluded that the use of water to extract CAL was the best among four treatments.
Since lighting system is used in every human activity, an electronic device with more power efficient and low cost, rather than electrical equipment, has been developed. HPLED (High Power Light ...Emitting Diode) has been applied in many aspects to replace the conventional lighting. A significant part of the system is LED Driver, which is important to improve efficiency, adjusted voltage and current output. Some problems may occur and cause harmonic distortion. There are two types of drivers commonly developed such as Linear Driver and Switching Driver. Linear driver is a circuit easier to implement and to find error compared to switching driver. A linear LED driver circuit must fit the Harmonic Standard requirements. In this study, some comparisons and measurements due to IEEE 519-1992 and IEC 61000-3-2 standards were conducted to evaluate the power quality. The results showed that the measurement of Linear Driver using LM 317 and IN4733 in accordance to the Harmonic Standard were PF 0.92, THDi 37.5%, THDv 1.9% for LM317 Driver and PF 0.86, THDi 25.4% and THDv 2.1% for IN4733A, respectively.
Solar cells are widely used as an alternative renewable energy. On future, the trend of electric car will demand more solar cells mounted on the roof to support main electric source. The solar cells ...work optimally during the day because it convert sunlight onto energy to produce usable power. Meanwhile, the intensity of ambient light decreased at night, except from artificial light such as street light. In fact, this condition makes solar cells capable of generating enough voltage and electric current relatively. In this study, an experiments for 12 street lights with standard illumination were conducted and reported to measure the voltage and current generated by a 10 WP Polycrystalline solar cells at night. The average power obtained from them are 67.06 W. The energies which are generated can be harvest and store on smart batteries or used directly by a microcontroller system. We conclude that our system can be as efficient as energy harvester system when optimized by low start voltage solar cells to generate more energy from artificial light mounted as street lights. These findings shows our ideas potential and further research needed to get usable energy for other electric dependent system.
Visible light communication is one of the wireless communication that transmits information to receiver trough lighting. The light-emitting diode (LED) lamp is one of the main components that used to ...transmit information. Generally, LED lamp used to lighting the room because it has energy saving and long lifetime which makes LED lamp as one of the solutions for an energy crisis. This paper discusses visible light communication using the LED lamp for indoor navigation. The transmitted data contains the identity of the LED lamp was modulated on lighting and received by photo-detector for indoor navigation. Transmitting data from LED lamp to photo-detector examined by the height and distance between the line of sight of the transmitter and a receiver. For 30 cm height and at the line of sight, 3-watt transmitter has illumination level of 180 lux, 6-watt transmitter has 273 lux, and 9-watt transmitter has 288 lux. The transmitter using LED lamp can save energy about 88,3% than a compact fluorescent lamp, halogen light bulb, and an incandescent light bulb. A transmitter using visible light increases the energy efficiency for indoor navigation by using the existing infrastructure of the light system.
Purpose Radiofrequency (RF) probes used in wrist arthroscopy may raise joint fluid temperature, increasing the risk of capsular and ligamentous damage. The purposes of the current study were to ...measure joint fluid temperature during wrist arthroscopy with the use of RF probes, and to determine whether using an outlet portal will reduce the maximum temperature. Methods We performed wrist arthroscopy on 8 cadaveric arms. Ablation and coagulation cycles using RF probe were performed at documented locations within the joint. This was done for 60-second intervals on both the radial and ulnar side of the wrist, to mimic clinical practice. We used 4 fiberoptic phosphorescent probes to measure temperature (radial, ulnar, inflow-tube, and outflow-tube probes) and measured joint fluid temperature with and without outflow. Results There was a significant difference between wrists with and without outflow when examining maximum ablation temperatures (p < .002). All specimens showed higher maximum and average ablation temperatures without outflow. Maximum joint temperatures, greater than 60°C, were observed in only no-outflow conditions. Conclusions In performing RF ablation during wrist arthroscopy, the use of an outlet portal reduces the joint fluid temperature. Without an outlet portal, maximum temperatures can exceed desirable levels when using ablation; such temperatures have the potential to damage adjacent tissues. It is useful to maintain adequate outflow when using the radiofrequency probes during wrist arthroscopy.
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