A batch equilibrium system has been used to investigate the adsorption of methyl orange (MO) on NiO and CuO nanoparticles (NPs). The effects of experimental conditions such as initial concentration, ...agitation time, solution pH and temperature were examined. Langmuir and Freundlich's models were used for determining the adsorption parameters at three different temperatures. It was observed that the Langmuir model fits well with the experimental adsorption data. The pseudo first-order, second-order and intra-particle diffusion models were applied to investigate the kinetic data. The obtained results indicate that experimental kinetics data of NiO and CuO NPs were only well explained by the second-order model. It was found that the adsorption capacities of NiO NPs are higher than that of CuO NPs for each temperature. However, CuO NPs has higher adsorption rate than that of NiO NPs. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH⁰, ΔS⁰, and ΔG⁰) were determined and their values indicate that the adsorptions of MO on NiO and CuO NPs are endothermic and spontaneous processes. Thermodynamics parameters also confirm that the adsorption of MO is chemical and physical adsorption on the surfaces of NiO and CuO NPs, respectively.
•Nanoparticles of Copper oxide (CuO) and Nickel oxides (NiO) NPs were produced.•Properties of prepared NPs were investigated using XRD, TEM and BET surface analyzer techniques.•Adsorption of Methyl orange (MO) on this adsorbent was conducted at various temperatures.•The data of this adsorption fits greatest to the isotherm model of Langmuir.
The present analysis aims to use existing resources to lower the cost of electrodes and reduce environmental pollution by utilizing waste materials like green algae. In the present research, the ...hydrothermal carbonization technique was utilized to synthesize a nano sized CuO mixed with activated biochar (CuO@BC) extracted from red sea algae (Chlorophyta). The CuO@BC sample was extensively examined using several advanced physical techniques, such as UV/Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XED, HRTEM, SEM, EDX, BET, and TGA. The HRTEM indicated that the size of the particles is 32 nm with a larger surface area and without aggregations. The BET analysis of CuO@BC indicates that the material contains pores of a relatively large size and with a pore diameter of about 42.56 A°. The electrochemical analysis of CuO@BC modified glassy carbon electrode CuO@BC/GCE has been investigated using CV, GCD, and EIS techniques. This CuO@BC/GCE shows excellent electrochemical features that are significant for energy storage applications. The CuO@BC/GCE showed a specific capacitance of approximately 353 Fg
which is higher compared to individual materials. Overall, the research outcomes suggest that the CuO@BC/GCE shows potential for use in high-performance supercapacitors as energy storage systems that are eco-friendly and sustainable.
Forward osmosis (FO) is a developing technology, which is thought to have a potential of producing potable water in an energy-efficient manner. FO is driven by the natural osmotic pressure difference ...across a semi-permeable membrane. Despite a number of patents and peer-reviewed papers published for different methods and systems for water desalination by FO, this technology is still in its infancy because of some serious limitations and challenges. Due to many environment and energy related challenges, FO-based desalination has recently gained worldwide attention because it operates at low levels of pressure and temperature. Compared to traditional pressure-driven membrane processes, FO offers recognized advantages including reversible membrane fouling, and potentially less operation energy.
The purpose of this review paper is to provide the state-of-the-art of the physical principles, recent developments, and applications of forward osmosis in the area of water desalination. Strengths and limitations of the applications of FO processes in the area of water desalination are highlighted and the future of FO technology is considered.
•An updated review of forward osmosis is provided•Water and reverse solute flux models are reviewed•Fouling and other challenges are addressed•Strengths and limitations of the applications of FO are discussed•State-of-the-art of the physical principles, recent developments, and applications of forward osmosis are reviewed
Nanoparticles of Mn ferrite (MnxFe3−xO4, x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.6, and 0.8) have been successfully prepared by the co-precipitation method using the organic base ethanolamine as the chelating agent. The XRD ...measurements show well crystalline nano-ferrite particles with a lattice parameter gradually increasing with increasing Mn ions substitution. In contrast, XPS spectra show the existence of Mn3+ and Mn4+ with a crystalline size behavior. Small particle sizes and large specific surface areas in the range of 180–120 m2/g have been detected by HRTEM and BET measurements. The large values of specific surface areas nominate the samples to be good candidates for chemical and biological applications. The FT-IR and Raman spectra have supported the Rietveld refinement of XRD without forming any impurity phases. As Mn doping increases, the FMR and VSM mea-surements have indicated magnetic enhancement in the Mn nanoferrite.
•Nanosized MnxFe3−xO4 were prepared by the co-precipitation method.•Organic base ethanolamine was used as the chelating agent at preparation.•Lattice parameters gradually increased with increasing Mn concentration.•Large specific surface areas in the range of 180–120 m2/g was detected.•Spontaneous magnetization increased with increasing Mn concentration.
Present paper reports about the strong correlation of the heat treatment conditions (annealing), crystal structure parameters, microstructure and magnetic properties evolution in nanosized BaFe12O19 ...M-type hexaferrites or BaM nanohexaferrites. Samples of the BaM nanohexaferrites were obtained using sol-gel method with further annealing in the range 600–1100 °C. All investigated samples were single phase and described by the P63/mmc space group. Unusual and non-linear behavior of the lattice parameters with annealing temperature increasing from 600 to 1100 °C was explained by the competition of the increase in the average crystallite size (decrease in the surface tension effect) and increase in the level of their chemical homogeneity (anionic stoichiometry). Increase of the heat treatment temperature leads to increase of the microstructure parameters (average crystal size and specific surface area) and non-linear changes in magnetic properties. Correlation of the annealing temperature and magnetic properties was discussed in terms of the structural features.
•BaM nanohexaferrites were synthesized using sol-gel method with further annealing.•Strong correlation between average crystal size and annealing temperature was established.•Non-linear behavior of the structure and magnetic properties after annealing was observed.•All changes in BaM were discussed in terms of the morphology evolution.
Organic photovoltaic cells are a promising technology for generating renewable energy from sunlight. These cells are made from organic materials, such as polymers or small molecules, and can be ...lightweight, flexible, and low-cost. Here, we have created a novel mixture of magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc) and chlorophenyl ethyl diisoquinoline (Ch-diisoQ). A coating unit has been utilized in preparing MgPc, Ch-diisoQ, and MgPc-Ch-diisoQ films onto to FTO substrate. The MgPc-Ch-diisoQ film has a spherical and homogeneous surface morphology with a grain size of 15.9 nm. The optical absorption of the MgPc-Ch-diisoQ film was measured, and three distinct bands were observed at 800-600 nm, 600-400 nm, and 400-250 nm, with a band gap energy of 1.58 eV. The current density-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements were performed to analyze the photoelectric properties of the three tested cells. The forward current density obtained from our investigated blend cell is more significant than that for each material by about 22%. The photovoltaic parameters (Voc, Isc, and FF) of the MgPc-Ch-diisoQ cell were found to be 0.45 V, 2.12 μA, and 0.4, respectively. We believe that our investigated MgPc-Ch-diisoQ film will be a promising active layer in organic solar cells.
Polymeric nanocomposites (PNC) have an outstanding potential for various applications as the integrated structure of the PNCs exhibits properties that none of its component materials individually ...possess. Moreover, it is possible to fabricate PNCs into desired shapes and sizes, which would enable controlling their properties, such as their surface area, magnetic behavior, optical properties, and catalytic activity. The low cost and light weight of PNCs have further contributed to their potential in various environmental and industrial applications. Stimuli-responsive nanocomposites are a subgroup of PNCs having a minimum of one promising chemical and physical property that may be controlled by or follow a stimulus response. Such outstanding properties and behaviors have extended the scope of application of these nanocomposites. The present review discusses the various methods of preparation available for PNCs, including in situ synthesis, solution mixing, melt blending, and electrospinning. In addition, various environmental and industrial applications of PNCs, including those in the fields of water treatment, electromagnetic shielding in aerospace applications, sensor devices, and food packaging, are outlined.
Lorlatinib (LRL) is the first drug of the third generation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors used a first-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study describes, for ...the first time, the investigations for the formation of a charge transfer complex (CTC) between LRL, as electron donor, with chloranilic acid (CLA), as a π-electron acceptor. The CTC was characterized by ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry and computational calculations. The UV-visible spectrophotometry ascertained the formation of the CTC in methanol via formation of a new broad absorption band with maximum absorption peak (λmax) at 530 nm. The molar absorptivity (ε) of the complex was 0.55 × 10
L mol
cm
and its band gap energy was 2.3465 eV. The stoichiometric ratio of LRL/CLA was found to be 1:2. The association constant of the complex was 0.40 × 10
L mol
, and its standard free energy was -0.15 × 10
J mole
. The computational calculation for the atomic charges of an energy minimized LRL molecule was conducted, the sites of interaction on the LRL molecule were assigned, and the mechanism of the reaction was postulated. The reaction was adopted as a basis for developing a novel 96-microwell spectrophotometric method (MW-SPA) for LRL. The assay limits of detection and quantitation were 2.1 and 6.5 µg/well, respectively. The assay was validated, and all validation parameters were acceptable. The assay was implemented successfully with great precision and accuracy to the determination of LRL in its bulk form and pharmaceutical formulation (tablets). This assay is simple, economic, and more importantly has a high-throughput property. Therefore, the assay can be valuable for routine in quality control laboratories for analysis of LRL's bulk form and pharmaceutical tablets.
This study discusses the development and validation of a universal microwell spectrophotometric assay for TKIs, regardless of the diversity in their chemical structures. The assay depends on directly ...measuring the native ultraviolet light (UV) absorption of TKIs. The assay was carried out using UV-transparent 96-microwell plates and the absorbance signals were measured by a microplate reader at 230 nm, at which all TKIs had light absorption. Beer's law correlating the absorbances of TKIs with their corresponding concentrations was obeyed in the range of 2-160 µg mL
with excellent correlation coefficients (0.9991-0.9997). The limits of detection and limits quantitation were in the ranges of 0.56-5.21 and 1.69-15.78 µg mL
, respectively. The proposed assay showed high precision as the values of the relative standard deviations for the intra- and inter-assay precisions did not exceed 2.03 and 2.14%, respectively. The accuracy of the assay was proven as the recovery values were in the range of 97.8-102.9% (±0.8-2.4%). The proposed assay was successfully applied to the quantitation of all TKIs in their pharmaceutical formulations (tablets) with reliable results in terms of high accuracy and precision. The assay greenness was evaluated, and the results proved that the assay fulfils the requirements of green analytical approach. The proposed assay is the first assay that can analyse all TKIs on a single assay system without chemical derivatization or modifications in the detection wavelength. In addition, the simple and simultaneous handling of a large number of samples as a batch using micro-volumes of samples gave the assay the advantage of high throughput analysis, which is a serious demand in the pharmaceutical industry.
In this study, a new green microwell spectrofluorimetric assay (MW-SFA) with high throughput was developed and validated, for the first time, for the determination of three selective serotonin ...reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in pharmaceutical dosage forms and plasma. These SSRIs were fluoxetine (FLX), fluvoxamine (FXM), and paroxetine (PXT), which are commonly prescribed drugs for depression treatment. The MW-SFA is based on the condensation reaction of SSRIs with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) in alkaline media to form highly fluorescent derivatives. The MW-SFA procedures were conducted in 96-microwell white opaque assay plates with a flat bottom and the fluorescence signals were measured using a microplate reader at their maximum excitation and emission wavelengths. The calibration curves were generated with good correlation coefficients (0.9992-0.9995) between the relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) and the SSRI concentrations in the range of 35-800 ng/mL. The limits of detection were in the range of 11-25 ng/mL, and the precision and accuracy were satisfactory. The proposed MW-SFA was successfully applied to the analysis of the SSRIs in their pharmaceutical dosage forms. The statistical analysis for the comparison between the MW-SFA assay results and those of pharmacopeial assays showed no significant differences between the assays in terms of their accuracy and precision. The application of the proposed MW-SFA was extended to successfully analyze SSRIs in plasma samples. The greenness of the assay was confirmed using three different metric tools. The assay was characterized with high throughput properties, enabling the sensitive simultaneous analysis of many samples in a short time. This assay is valuable for rapid routine applications in pharmaceutical quality control units and clinical laboratories for the determination of SSRIs.
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