In this study, laser surface treatment (LST) of Ti6Al4V carried out by melting within a narrow regime of optimum process parameters for the formation of a surface with improved wear and ...tribo-corrosion resistance is presented. The effect of applied power and shrouding gas on the microstructure, phase, surface hardness, residual stress, dry wear (against tungsten carbide, WC) and tribocorrosion resistance (against ZrO2 in Hank's solution) is established. LST in argon atmosphere leads to the formation of a composite structure consisting of acicular α’ martensite and α. LST in nitrogen atmosphere causes the formation of titanium nitride (TiN and Ti2N) dispersed in α matrix. Due to LST, there is an increase in surface microhardness both under argon (435–630 VHN) and nitrogen atmosphere (839–1327 VHN) when compared to untreated Ti6Al4V (278 VHN). There is a marginal decrease in wear rate (against WC ball) due to laser surface melting (5.17–5.81 × 10−3 mm3/Nm) under argon and a substantial decrease in wear rate when melting was conducted under nitrogen atmosphere (1.91–4.94 × 10−3 mm3/Nm) as compared to Ti6Al4V (5.93 × 10−3 mm3/Nm). The mechanism of wear is established. On the other hand, the tribo-corrosion rate is found to decrease for laser surface melting (3.5–4.8 × 10−3 mm3/Nm) and nitriding (1.3–3.2 × 10−3 mm3/Nm) as compared to Ti6Al4V (5.7 × 10−3 mm3/Nm). Bioactivity in terms of calcium phosphate deposition followed by dipping in Hank's solution was found to increase due to both melting and nitriding, though nitriding offered a marginally higher bioactivity than only melting.
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•LST resulted in surface modification of the near surface region of Ti6Al4V.•Formation of TiN dendrites in LSN led to a significantly improved surface hardness.•Microstructural development affected the friction and wear resistance property.•A significant improvement in degradation rate was observed in the LST samples.
•The recovery of lactose and protein from casein whey using hollow fiber membranes.•For commercialization, recovered lactose and protein were freeze-dried.•The qualitative confirmation lactose and ...protein was done using FTIR.•Recovered lactose and protein has appreciable economic values.•The proposed method can reduce detrimental effect of whey on the environment.
Whey is produced as a by-product during cheese and casein manufacture containing some important components such as lactose and protein. In this study, ultrafiltration process was adopted to separate lactose and protein with high yield and purity from whey using hollow fiber module. Ultrafiltration in a diafiltration mode was used in order to improve the yield of protein in the retentate, which was then freeze-dried to get the end product in dried form. Nanofiltration of the permeate stream from ultrafiltration was done to concentrate the lactose part and was similarly freeze-dried. To assure that after freeze–drying the quality of both the protein and lactose was not affected, FTIR analysis was done. The performance of both ultrafiltration and nanofiltration was characterized in terms of permeate flux. The influence of transmembrane pressure on both ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes was studied. The effect of fouling was also studied on both ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes and it was observed that the fouling effect was less in case of both the membranes and as such the membranes could be re-used for several times for effective separation of those components. The quantitative measurements were done for lactose and protein and it was observed that up to 90% of lactose and 80% of protein recovery could be achieved using the advanced separation technology. Therefore, the present article represents a novel approach for separation whey proteins and lactose from dairy waste to meet the socio economic requirements as well as to mitigate waste disposal problem.
Diabesity is a major global health concern, and ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) acts as an important target for the development of new inhibitors of this disease. The present work highlights a ...detailed QSAR study using QSARINS software, which provides an excellent model equation using descriptors. Here, the best model equation developed has two variables, namely MLFER_E and XlogP, with statistical parameters R
2
= 0.8433, LOF = 0.0793, CCC
tr
= 0.915, Q
2
LOO
= 0.8303, Q
2
LMO
= 0.8275, CCC
cv
= 0.9081, R
2
ext
= 0.7712, and CCC
ext
= 0.8668. A higher correlation of the key structural fragments with activity is validated by the developed QSAR model. Furthermore, molecular docking helped us identify the binding interactions. Thirty four new molecules with better predicted biological activity (pIC50) were designed. The binding energy of four compounds have shown higher binding activity into the membrane protein (PDB Id: 6BUG). Molecular dynamics simulation has established the stability of the protein-ligand complex over 100 ns. DFT and ADME-toxicity analyses also confirmed their drug-like properties. Based on our findings, we report that these new oxadiazolo pyridine derivatives lead to the development of potent candidates for further development.
Graphical abstract
METTL3-mediated HOTAIRM1 promotes vasculogenic mimicry in glioma via regulating IGFBP2 expression. METTL3 expression is high in glioma cells and tissues that stabilize and enhance HOTAIRM1 expression. This HOTAIRM1 then interacts with IGFBP2 which in turn promotes glioma cell malignancy and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation, thus providing a new direction for glioma therapy
In the present study, it was aimed to optimize the process of lactose hydrolysis using free and immobilized β-galactosidase to produce glucose and galactose. Response surface methodology (RSM) by ...central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the degree of hydrolysis by varying three parameters, temperature (15–45°C), solution pH (5–9) and β-galactosidase enzyme concentration (2–8mg/mL) for free mode of analysis and sodium alginate concentration (2–4%), calcium chloride concentration (3–6%) and enzyme concentration (2–8mg/mL) for immobilized process. Based on plots and variance analysis, the optimum operational conditions for maximizing lactose hydrolysis were found to be temperature (35.5°C), pH (6.7) and enzyme concentration (6.7mg/mL) in free mode and sodium alginate concentration (3%), calcium chloride concentration (5.9%) and enzyme concentration (5.2mg/mL) in immobilized mode.
•This paper demonstrates the comparative results of Lactose hydrolysis using β-galactosidase enzyme in free and immobilized mode .•In this paper the enzyme has been immobilized in calcium alginate beads.•In this paper Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the parameters affecting lactose hydrolysis both in free mode and immobilized mode.•The results obtained will be useful in hydrolysis of important biomolecule, lactose present in dairy effluent to fermentable sugars for further use.
Shifting from chemical-intensive practices to organic-based farming within the rice-wheat rotation (RWR) is crucial for its long-term sustainability. This highly productive system holds a significant ...carbon (C) sequestration potential if managed efficiently. The dynamics of soil organic-C profoundly impacts the global climate change and crops’ productivity, necessitating the continuous monitoring of organic carbon to ensure soil vitality. Hence, we have evaluated the long-term (twenty-one years) impact of organic amendments on yields of the RWR, soil properties and C-dynamics. After 21 years, we observed that organic-based amendments increased the rice and wheat grain yields by 33.4–52.5% and 20–42.8%, respectively, over the control (no organics). On an average, in top 0.0–0.15 m soil layer, the organic-manured plots had 21.6%, 21.3% and 23.4% greater available nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) over the control plot, respectively. Furthermore, such organic-manured plots recorded 32.9–50.8% and 6.04–32.3% greater microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) over the control. Also, the use of organic amendments had a significant (p≤0.05) and positive impact on the soil carbon dynamics (0.0–0.45 m). In 0.0–0.45 m soil depth, the organic-manured treatments registered a 25.9–44.2% greater total organic carbon (TOC) than the control. These treatments improved the active (labile, very labile) and recalcitrant (less labile, non-labile)-C pools especially in upper soil layers. In summary, the synergistic use of Sesbania green manure, Leucaena leucocephala leaf manuring, farmyard manure, and biofertilizers (blue-green algae/Azotobacter etc.) proves effective in restoring soil health and enhancing crop productivity by increasing soil organic carbon and ensuring nutrients availability. Thus, these organic amendment treatments can be advocated to farmers to sustain the productivity of the rice-wheat ecosystems.
•Organic amendments had significant positive impact on rice (33.4–52.5 %) and wheat (20–42.8 %) yields over the control.•Organic-manured improved the active (labile, very labile) and recalcitrant (less labile, non-labile)-C pools.•Also, the use of organic amendments significantly improved soil microbial properties besides available nutrients.•Organic amendments enhanced the stability for C-sequestration and accessibility of vital plant nutrients
Whey, the residue remaining following cheese/casein production, represents a major disposal problem for the dairy industry as this has been considered as a highly polluting stream. Typically, whey ...contains lactose, proteins and fat. Due to lactose content, liquid whey can be considered as a cheap resource for production of bio-ethanol. Bio-ethanol can help to meet global fuel demand in the present scenario of depleting fossil fuel reserve. Direct fermentation of cheese whey or whey permeate yields low ethanol concentration due to poor lactose content, thus making the process uneconomical. Cheese whey powder (CWP), a dried and concentrated form of cheese whey, containing high concentration of lactose, can be an attractive source for ethanol production. In the present study, ethanol was produced from CWP with initial lactose concentration of 150 g/L at a temperature of 35°C and pH 4.5 using lactose positive microorganism, Kluyveromyces marxianus NCIM 3217. Maximum ethanol production was found to be 43.71 g/L and almost all the lactose was consumed within 72 h. Maximum biomass concentration at the end of fermentation was found to be 6.02 g/L. From the experimental data, it was found that the microbial growth followed Monod kinetic model. Ethanol production using K. marxianus NCIM 3217 was found to follow Luedeking – Piret equation and it was mixed-growth-associated. Thus, cheese whey powder could be an attractive substrate for bio-ethanol production and and hence can solve the environmental pollution problem created by whey surplus.
In this study, ultrafiltration (UF) of pretreated casein whey was carried out in a cross-flow module fitted with 5 kDa molecular weight cut-off polyethersulfone membrane to recover whey proteins in ...the retentate and lactose in the permeate. Effects of processing conditions, like transmembrane pressure and pH on permeate flux and rejection were investigated and reported. The polarised layer resistance was found to increase with time during UF even in this high shear device. The lactose concentration in the permeate was measured using dinitro salicylic acid method. Enzymatic kinetic study for lactose hydrolysis was carried out at three different temperatures ranging from 30 to 50 °C using β-galactosidase enzyme. The glucose formed during lactose hydrolysis was analyzed using glucose oxidase–peroxidase method. Kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose solution was found to follow Michaelis–Menten model and the model parameters were estimated by Lineweaver–Burk plot. The hydrolysis rate was found to be maximum (with V
max
= 5.5091 mmol/L/min) at 30 °C.
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