Several studies have indicated the influence of a maternal low protein diet on the fetus. However, the effect of a maternal low quality protein diet on fetal growth and development is largely ...unknown. Wistar rats (11 weeks old) were mated and maintained on either a chow diet with 20% casein (n = 6) as the control group (C), or a low quality protein diet with 20% wheat gluten (n = 7) as the experimental group (WG) through gestation and lactation. Maternal body weights were similar in both groups throughout the study. Birth weights were not influenced by maternal diet and offspring body weights during lactation were similar between the groups. Offspring's plasma amino acid profiles showed that plasma methionine, glutamine and lysine were significantly lower and aspartic acid, ornithine and glycine-proline were significantly higher in the WG. Plant based protein comprises an important part of protein intake in developing countries. It is well-known that these diets can be inadequate in terms of essential amino acids. The current study shows differential effects of a maternal low quality protein diet on the offspring's plasma amino acids. Future studies will examine further aspects of the influence of maternal low quality protein diets on fetal growth and development.
The aims of this study were to adapt a traditional recipe into a healthier form by adding 3 g of oat β-glucan, substituting milk chocolate to dark chocolate with 70% cocoa, and to examine the effect ...of these alterations on short-term satiety and energy intake.
Study subjects (n = 25) were tested in a randomized, crossover design with four products closely matched for energy content. Four different versions of a traditional recipe including milk chocolate-control (CON), oat β-glucan (B-GLU), dark chocolate (DARK) or oat β-glucan and dark chocolate (B-GLU + DARK) were given to subjects on different test days. After subjects were asked to report visual analog scale (VAS) scores on sensory outcomes and related satiety for four hours ad libitum, lunch was served and energy intake of individuals was measured.
VAS scores indicated that none of the test foods exerted an improved effect on satiety feelings. However, energy intake of individuals during ad libitum lunch was significantly lower in dark chocolate groups (CON: 849.46 ± 47.45 kcal versus DARK: 677.69 ± 48.45 kcal and B-GLU + DARK: 691.08 ± 47.45 kcal, p = 0.014).
The study demonstrated that substituting dark chocolate for milk chocolate is more effective in inducing satiety during subsequent food intake in healthy subjects.
The offspring of women in the poorest socio-economic groups in Western societies have an increased risk of developing non-communicable disease in adult life. Deprivation is closely related to the ...consumption of a diet with an excess of energy (sugar and fat), salt and a shortage of key vitamins. To test the hypothesis that this diet adversely affects the development and long-term health of the offspring, we have formulated two rodent diets, one with a nutrient profile corresponding to the diet of pregnant women in the poorest socio-economic group (DEP) and a second that incorporated current UK recommendations for the diet in pregnancy (REC). Female rats were fed the experimental diets for the duration of gestation and lactation and the offspring compared with those from a reference group fed the AIN-93G diet. The growth trajectory of DEP and REC offspring was reduced compared with the AIN-93G. The REC offspring diet had a transient increase in adipose reserves at weaning, but by 30 weeks of age the body composition of all three groups was similar. The maternal diet had no effect on the homoeostatic model assessment index or the insulin tolerance of the offspring. Changes in hepatic gene expression in the adult REC offspring were consistent with an increased hepatic utilisation of fatty acids and a reduction in de novo lipogenesis. These results show that despite changes in growth and adiposity maternal metabolic adaptation minimises the adverse consequences of the imbalanced maternal diet on the metabolism of the offspring.
The Scottish diet contains an excess of energy, saturated fat, and salt, while at the same time is poor in several key micronutrients. An animal model has been used to test the hypothesis that this ...imbalanced diet programs offspring metabolism. Female rats have been fed a diet(SIMD) formulated to reflect the diet of the poorest pregnant women and compared with animals fed a diet (SACN) formulated to incorporate the current UK recommendations. For comparison a third groups of animals were fed the widely used AIN-93G diet. Animals fed the SACN diet had more body fat compared to the AIN-93G group prior to mating. Fetal weights were comparable in all three groups, however postnatal lean tissue growth in the SIMD and SACN offspring was reduced. This was associated with lower dietary protein content and quality. There were extensive changes in the fatty acid profiles of maternal tissues and animals fed the SIMD diet accumulated triglyceride in the liver. LCPUFA, notably arachidonic acid was lower in the fetal brain, however by weaning, the profiles were similar, suggesting fetal brain development is susceptible to an imbalanced maternal diet. To test the long-term consequences, offspring were maintained on stock diet up to 37 weeks of age. At 4-weeks of age, pups from dams fed SACN diet had a greater proportion of body fat however this was transient and by 10 weeks of age the proportion of body fat was similar in all three groups. The maternal diet did not create persistent changes in food intake or differences in glucosehomeostasis (assessed by HOMA or insulin tolerance test) in the adult offspring. In conclusion, maternal metabolism and the mobilisation of maternal reserves serves to protect the developing offspring.
Aim: The aims of this study were to adapt a traditional recipe into a healthier form by adding 3 g of oat β-glucan, substituting milk chocolate to dark chocolate with 70% cocoa, and to examine the ...effect of these alterations on short-term satiety and energy intake. Materials and Methods: Study subjects (n = 25) were tested in a randomized, crossover design with four products closely matched for energy content. Four different versions of a traditional recipe including milk chocolate-control (CON), oat β-glucan (B-GLU), dark chocolate (DARK) or oat β-glucan and dark chocolate (B-GLU + DARK) were given to subjects on different test days. After subjects were asked to report visual analog scale (VAS) scores on sensory outcomes and related satiety for four hours ad libitum, lunch was served and energy intake of individuals was measured. Results: VAS scores indicated that none of the test foods exerted an improved effect on satiety feelings. However, energy intake of individuals during ad libitum lunch was significantly lower in dark chocolate groups (CON: 849.46 ± 47.45 kcal versus DARK: 677.69 ± 48.45 kcal and B-GLU + DARK: 691.08 ± 47.45 kcal, p = 0.014). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that substituting dark chocolate for milk chocolate is more effective in inducing satiety during subsequent food intake in healthy subjects.
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