(CMV) is a deadly plant virus that results in crop-yield losses with serious economic consequences. In recent years, environmentally friendly components have been developed to manage crop diseases as ...alternatives to chemical pesticides, including the use of natural compounds such as glycine betaine (GB) and chitosan (CHT), either alone or in combination. In the present study, the leaves of the cucumber plants were foliar-sprayed with GB and CHT-either alone or in combination-to evaluate their ability to induce resistance against CMV. The results showed a significant reduction in disease severity and CMV accumulation in plants treated with GB and CHT, either alone or in combination, compared to untreated plants (challenge control). In every treatment, growth indices, leaf chlorophylls content, phytohormones (i.e., indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid), endogenous osmoprotectants (i.e., proline, soluble sugars and glycine betaine), non-enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., ascorbic acid, glutathione and phenols) and enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, lipoxygenase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase) of virus-infected plants were significantly increased. On the other hand, malondialdehyde and abscisic acid contents have been significantly reduced. Based on a gene expression study, all treated plants exhibited increased expression levels of some regulatory defense genes such as
and
. In conclusion, the combination of GB and CHT is the most effective treatment in alleviated virus infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the induction of systemic resistance against CMV by using GB.
(ToMV) is one of the economically damageable
infecting the tomato in Egypt that has caused significant losses. It is therefore of great interest to trigger systemic resistance to ToMV. In this ...endeavor, we aimed to explore the capacity of ZnO-NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) to trigger tomato plant resistance against ToMV. Effects of ZnO-NPs on tomato (
L.) growth indices and antioxidant defense system activity under ToMV stress were investigated. Noticeably that treatment with ZnO-NPs showed remarkably increased growth indices, photosynthetic attributes, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants compared to the challenge control. Interestingly, oxidative damage caused by ToMV was reduced by reducing malondialdehyde, H
O
, and O
levels. Overall, ZnO-NPs offer a safe and economic antiviral agent against ToMV.
During the spring of 2019, distinct virus-like symptoms were observed in the Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate in Egypt in naturally infected eggplants. Leaves of affected plants showed interveinal leaf ...chlorosis, net yellow, chlorotic sectors, mottling, blisters, vein enation, necrotic intervention, and narrowing symptoms. The
(AMV) was suspected of to be involved in this disease. Forty plant samples from symptomatic eggplants and 10 leaf samples with no symptoms were collected. The samples were tested by double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) using AMV-IgG. Six of the 40 symptomatic leaf samples tested positive for AMV, while, DAS-ELISA found no AMV in the 10 leaf samples without symptoms. The AMV Egyptian isolate (AMV-Eggplant-EG) was biologically isolated from the six positive samples tested by DAS-ELISA and from the similar local lesions induced on
and then re-inoculated in healthy
as a source of AMV-Eggplant-EG and confirmed by DAS-ELISA.
(RT-PCR) assay with a pair of primers specific for coat protein (CP) encoding RNA 3 of AMV yielded an amplicon of 666 bp from infected plants of
with AMV-Eggplant-EG. The amplified PCR product was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the AMV-Eggplant-EG sequence revealed 666 nucleotides (nt) of the complete CP gene (translating 221 amino acid (aa) residues). Analysis of phylogeny for nt and deduced aa sequences of the CP gene using the maximum parsimony method clustered AMV-Eggplant-EG in the lineage of Egyptian isolates (shark-EG, mans-EG, CP2-EG, and FRE-EG) with a high bootstrap value of 88% and 92%, respectively. In addition to molecular studies, melatonin (MTL) and salicylic acid (SA) (100 μM) were used to increase the resistance of eggplant to AMV- infection. Foliar spray with MLT and SA caused a significant increase in the morphological criteria (shoot, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, and leaf biomass), chlorophyll and carotenoid content, antioxidant enzymes, and gene expression of some enzymes compared to the infected plants. On the other hand, treatment with MLT and SA reduced the oxidative damage caused by AMV through the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, and malondialdehyde. In conclusion, MLT and SA are eco-friendly compounds and can be used as antiviral compounds.
Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) is the main cause of the mosaic and malformation of many plants, worldwide. Thus, the triggering of plant systemic resistance against BYMV is of great interest. In ...this endeavor, we aimed to explore the capacity of new carboxymethyl chitosan-titania nanobiocomposites (NBCs, NBC1,2) to trigger faba bean plants resistance against BYMV. Effects of NBCs on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) disease severity (DS), growth parameters, and antioxidant defense system activity were investigated under BYMV stress. Noticeably that the DS in NBCs-treated faba bean was significantly reduced compared to untreated plants. Moreover, treatment with NBCs was remarkably increased growth indices, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability index, and relative water content compared to challenge control. Additionally, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and total soluble protein were significantly increased. Contrary, electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide, and lipid peroxidation were reduced. Interestingly that NBC1 has higher efficacy than NBC2 in triggering plant immune-system against BYMV as indicated from DS percentage (DS = 10.66% and 19.33% in case of plants treated with NBC1 and NBC2, respectively). This could be attributed to the higher content of TNPs in NBC1 (21.58%) as compared to NBC2 (14.32%). Overall, NBCs offer safe and economic antiviral agents against BYMV.
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Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field of research that studies materials having dimensions of less than 100 nanometers. It is applicable in many areas of life sciences and medicine including ...skin care and personal hygiene, as these materials are the essential components of various cosmetics and sunscreens. The aim of the present study was to synthesize Zinc oxide (ZnO) and Titanium dioxide (TiO
) nanoparticles (NPs) by using
(
) leaf extract. Green synthesized NPs were characterized by UV spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to investigate their structure, size, and physical properties. The antibacterial and synergistic effects of ZnO and TiO
NPs along with antibiotics were also observed against bacterial isolates. The antioxidant activity of synthesized NPs was analyzed by their α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. In vivo toxic effects of the synthesized NPs were evaluated in albino mice at different doses (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight) of ZnO and TiO
NPs administered orally for 7, 14, and 21 days. The antibacterial results showed that the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the bacterial strains,
showed the highest ZOI, i.e., 17 and 14 mm against ZnO and TiO
NPs, respectively, while
showed the lowest ZOI, i.e., 12 and 10 mm, respectively. Therefore, ZnO NPs are potent antibacterial agents compared to TiO
NPs. Both NPs showed synergistic effects with antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and imipenem). Moreover, the DPPH activity showed that ZnO and TiO
NPs have significantly (
> 0.05) higher antioxidant activity, i.e., 53% and 58.7%, respectively, which indicated that TiO
has good antioxidant potential compared to ZnO NPs. However, the histological changes after exposure to different doses of ZnO and TiO
NPs showed toxicity-related changes in the structure of the kidney compared to the control group. The current study provided valuable information about the antibacterial, antioxidant, and toxicity impacts of green synthesized ZnO and TiO
NPs, which can be influential in the further study of their eco-toxicological effects.
is a hazardous opportunistic pathogen that is involved in many serious human diseases and is considered to be an important foodborne pathogen found in many food types. Multidrug resistance (MDR)
...strains have recently spread and increased, making bacteriophage therapy an effective alternative to multiple drug-resistant pathogens. As a consequence, this research was conducted to describe the genome and basic biological characteristics of a novel phage capable of lysing MDR
isolated from food samples in Egypt. The host range revealed that KPP-5 phage had potent lytic activity and was able to infect all selected MDR
strains from different sources. Electron microscopy images showed that KPP-5 lytic phage was a podovirus morphology. The one-step growth curve exhibited that KPP-5 phage had a relatively short latent period of 25 min, and the burst size was about 236 PFU/infected cells. In addition, KPP-5 phage showed high stability at different temperatures and pH levels. KPP-5 phage has a linear dsDNA genome with a length of 38,245 bp with a GC content of 50.8% and 40 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses showed that KPP-5 is most closely associated with the
genus in the
family. No tRNA genes have been identified in the KPP-5 phage genome. In addition, phage-borne virulence genes or drug resistance genes were not present, suggesting that KPP-5 could be used safely as a phage biocontrol agent.
The study was performed to evaluate the effect of high-fat diet (HF) as well as high-fat high-fructose diet (HFF) and uninephrectomy on level of kidney profile and lipid profile. The statistical ...results showed that serum uric acid, creatinine, cystatin C, NLRP3, urine microalbumin, and creatinine were enhanced where glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was reduced in HFF than HF group compared to (low-fat) LF group. After dietary intervention, renal fibrosis, nephropathy, albuminuria, oxidative stress, and nephropathy occurred. These cases were more severed in uninephrectomized HFF followed by HF. In conclusion, HF- or HFF-induced kidney damage is enhanced further more with uninephrectomy and is linked with abnormalities in renal tissue. Progressive renal insufficiency and glomerulosclerosis had been observed in obese animals without uninephrectomy Therefore, renal damage because of obesity-related hyperfiltration is especially severe with uninephrectomy. More studies needed to study the effect of these diets on other metabolic organs in genetic level.
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