Measurements of the Standard Model Higgs boson decaying into a
b
b
¯
pair and produced in association with a
W
or
Z
boson decaying into leptons, using proton–proton collision data collected between ...2015 and 2018 by the ATLAS detector, are presented. The measurements use collisions produced by the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of
s
=
13
Te
, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of
139
fb
-
1
. The production of a Higgs boson in association with a
W
or
Z
boson is established with observed (expected) significances of 4.0 (4.1) and 5.3 (5.1) standard deviations, respectively. Cross-sections of associated production of a Higgs boson decaying into bottom quark pairs with an electroweak gauge boson,
W
or
Z
, decaying into leptons are measured as a function of the gauge boson transverse momentum in kinematic fiducial volumes. The cross-section measurements are all consistent with the Standard Model expectations, and the total uncertainties vary from 30% in the high gauge boson transverse momentum regions to 85% in the low regions. Limits are subsequently set on the parameters of an effective Lagrangian sensitive to modifications of the
WH
and
ZH
processes as well as the Higgs boson decay into
b
b
¯
.
Differential cross-section measurements are presented for the electroweak production of two jets in association with a
Z
boson. These measurements are sensitive to the vector-boson fusion production ...mechanism and provide a fundamental test of the gauge structure of the Standard Model. The analysis is performed using proton–proton collision data collected by ATLAS at
s
=
13
TeV
and with an integrated luminosity of
139
fb
-
1
. The differential cross-sections are measured in the
Z
→
ℓ
+
ℓ
-
decay channel (
ℓ
=
e
,
μ
) as a function of four observables: the dijet invariant mass, the rapidity interval spanned by the two jets, the signed azimuthal angle between the two jets, and the transverse momentum of the dilepton pair. The data are corrected for the effects of detector inefficiency and resolution and are sufficiently precise to distinguish between different state-of-the-art theoretical predictions calculated using
Powheg+Pythia8
,
Herwig7+Vbfnlo
and
Sherpa
2.2. The differential cross-sections are used to search for anomalous weak-boson self-interactions using a dimension-six effective field theory. The measurement of the signed azimuthal angle between the two jets is found to be particularly sensitive to the interference between the Standard Model and dimension-six scattering amplitudes and provides a direct test of charge-conjugation and parity invariance in the weak-boson self-interactions.
Similarly to physical mail, electronic mail needs information to be supplied with a message about its destination: the envelope information. For physical mail a name and address are written on the ...envelope containing the message. The sender (originator) trusts the postman's ability to read the address and deliver the message to the intended recipient. For physical mail this works well, because physical mailboxes do not move around a lot, and street and city names rarely change. People do not change their personal name too often, and postmen are clever guys. Apart from the personal name part, this stability of address is not found in electronic mail. On the contrary, electronic mailboxes do move around a lot, moving from computer to computer, or from organization to organization. Even the company's name or service provider's name can change, and systems are unfortunately not as smart as postmen. The X.400 standard (the 1988 version of the CCITT recommendations have been adopted by ISO as the ISO/IEC-10021 standard) specifies how to set up an international message handling system (MHS) and how to address electronic messages. The first standards were published in 1984, and since then the X.400 network slowly came to reality. The practice of addressing electronic messages has not developed as envisaged in the standards. Over the last couple of years this has caused a heated debate in the media and standardization world, concentrating on the issue of international PRMDs and the presence of a service provider's name (ADMD name) or country name in the X.400 address. Changing the standards to take into account current user wishes is not likely to happpen, since too much money and effort has been invested in the current X.400 network. This paper takes a closer look at the discrepancies between the user interpretation of naming, addressing and routing and the X.400 definitions. It tries to find an answer to the question of whether the X.400 standard should be modified to incorporate users' wishes, or if this can be achieved in another way.
Since we demonstrated the natural formation of chloroform in soil, the question arose to which extent this contributes to the chloroform present in the atmosphere. Concentration gradients in soil air ...and atmospheric air of different forests were measured. Chloroform concentration gradients indicating emission occur in forest soils and the atmosphere under the canopy, whereas this was not observed for other chlorinated solvents. Above the canopy all concentration gradients observed for chloroform and 1,1,1-trichloroethane indicate deposition. The emission flux was measured using enclosures and calculated from the observed concentration gradients in soil air and atmospheric air. Wood-degrading areas and soils with a humic layer were found to emit up to 1000
ng chloroform m
−2
h
−1 and seem to be larger chloroform sources than the other areas of study. Rather unexpectedly, some points of one sampling site appeared to emit 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloromethane and tetrachloroethene. A reasonable agreement was found between the fluxes using enclosures and those derived from the concentration gradients in soil air and atmospheric air.
Treatment of systemic sclerosis has been somewhat haphazard and treatment has often been "borrowed" from the experience gained from treating other connective tissue diseases. There was a period of ...time that was focused mainly on organ-specific manifestations of systemic sclerosis and some advance in preventing vital organ damage (such as renal crisis) was achieved. The vast improvement in mortality from the use of ACE inhibitors raises one's hopes for other effective therapeutic interventions. At this juncture, the evidence is strong that the ACE inhibitors that are used in scleroderma renal crisis are disease-modifying, even without proving it by a randomized controlled trial. The evidence is strong that the use of epoprostenol for primary pulmonary hypertension is life-saving; however, whether epoprostenol is life-saving in the pulmonary hypertension in scleroderma remains to be proven. There are suggestions that bosentan (for the pulmonary hypertension of scleroderma), cyclophosphamide (for SSc alveolitis), stem cell transplant, interferon-gamma (for interstitial pulmonary fibrosis), and methotrexate (for the skin thickening of diffuse scleroderma) may improve organ function or functional activities, but whether they are truly disease-modifying remains to be proven. As we increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis and we learn how better to design trials for systemic sclerosis, we may be more successful in developing optimal disease-modifying therapy. Although the treatment of systemic sclerosis remains difficult, there are an increasing number of potentially effective regimens that are undergoing clinical investigations. A rational approach to therapy seems possible, based on a hypothesis of the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Thus, there is accumulating evidence that supports the use of prostacyclin derivatives to treat systemic sclerosis, some evidence that antifibrotic regimens may be effective, and moderate evidence that immunosuppression also may be effective in certain stages of this disease.
PRÉFACE: DE LA QUINZIÈME ANNÉE Schickler, Fernand; Haag, Eug; Bonnet, Jules ...
Bulletin historique et littéraire - Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français,
01/1866
Journal Article
PDF
