A
bstract
We solve the modified non-linear extension of the CCFM equation — KGBJS equation 1, 2 — numerically for certain initial conditions and compare the resulting dipole amplitudes with those ...obtained from solving the original CCFM equation and the BFKL and BK equations for the same initial conditions. We improve the low transversal momentum behaviour of the KGBJS equation by a small modification.
Cascade
is a full hadron level Monte Carlo event generator for
ep
,
γp
and
and
pp
processes, which uses the CCFM evolution equation for the initial state cascade in a backward evolution approach ...supplemented with off-shell matrix elements for the hard scattering. A detailed program description is given, with emphasis on parameters the user wants to change and common block variables which completely specify the generated events.
We perform calculations of Z+jet cross section taking into account the transverse momenta of the initial partons. Transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton densities obtained with the parton ...branching method are used and higher order corrections are included via TMD parton showers in the initial state. The predictions are compared to measurements of forward Z+jet production of the LHCb Collaboration at √s=7 TeV. We show that the results obtained in kT-factorization are in good agreement with results obtained from a next-to-leading order calculation matched with traditional parton showers. We also demonstrate that in the forward rapidity region, kT-factorization and hybrid factorization predictions agree with each other.
We observe that at the Large Hadron Collider, using forward + central detectors, it becomes possible for the first time to carry out calorimetric measurements of the transverse energy flow due to ...“mini-jets” accompanying production of two jets separated by a large rapidity interval. We present parton-shower calculations of energy flow observables in a high-energy factorized Monte Carlo framework, designed to take into account QCD logarithmic corrections both in the large rapidity interval and for hard transverse momentum. Considering events with a forward and a central jet, we examine the energy flow in the interjet region and in the region away from the jets. We discuss the role of these observables to analyze multiple parton collision effects.
To investigate potential delays in endogenous melatonin in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
First, data are presented for 15 individuals with OCD and matched healthy controls. ...Next, nine additional participants with OCD who did not have matched controls were added, resulting in a sample of 24 individuals with OCD. All participants were assessed for sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance. Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) was derived from salivary melatonin and was used in conjunction with sleep diaries, interview measures, and questionnaires. A subset of the OCD group (n = 16) also used actigraphy.
In sum, 42% percent (10/24) of the patients with OCD met the criteria for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) in comparison to 0% in the control sample. DLMO was significantly later in individuals with OCD compared to controls. DLMO and bedtime were not significantly associated with the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms or negative affect.
Replication of the findings presented herein, particularly the DLMO results, is warranted. Further, there are now three studies showing that nearly ½ of individuals with OCD meet criteria for a DSWPD. Future studies can explore the mechanisms underlying these connections and the implications of this comorbidity. These findings may increase our understanding of OCD and inform future interventions.
Significant Outcomes:•Over 1/3 of individuals with OCD met criteria for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD)•Individuals with OCD have significantly later DLMO compared to matched controls•DLMO was not significantly correlated with OCD severity.
Limitations:•This study has a modest sample size•This study is limited in the amount of information regarding the implications of the delayed bedtimes and dim light melatonin onset for individuals with OCD.
Exposure to stressors such as footshock, tailshock, and immobilization have been shown to induce hypothalamic IL-1 production, while other stressors such as restraint, maternal separation, social ...isolation, and predator exposure have no effect on hypothalamic IL-1 levels. This disparity of findings has led to considerable controversy regarding the ability of stressors to induce hypothalamic IL-1 expression. Thus, the goal of the following experiments was to examine hypothalamic IL-1 responses in adult male Sprague–Dawley rats following exposure to a diverse set of stressors. Our data indicate that exposure to 2
h of restraint in a Plexiglas tube, glucoprivic challenge induced by administration of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), or insulin-induced hypoglycemia all fail to alter hypothalamic IL-1 levels despite robust activation of the pituitary–adrenal response. However, when restraint was administered on an orbital shaker or in combination with insulin-induced hypoglycemia, robust increases in hypothalamic IL-1 were observed. No effects of glucoprivic (2-DG) challenge were observed when combined with restraint, indicating some specificity in the hypothalamic IL-1 response to stress. We also provide a preliminary validation of the ELISA detection method for IL-1, showing that (a) Western blot analyses confirmed strong immunopositive banding at the apparent molecular weight of both mature IL-1β and the IL-1β prohormone, and (b) footshock led to a two-fold increase in mRNA for IL-1 in the hypothalamus as detected by RT-PCR. These data provide novel insight into the characteristics of a stressor that may be necessary for the observation of stress-induced increases in hypothalamic IL-1.
Objectives
We investigated the impact of secondary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) positivity on the non-thromboembolic clinical manifestations of systemic lupus ...erythematosus (SLE).
Methods
In total, 224 patients with SLE were studied, of whom 105 were aPL-positive; 52 fulfilled the criteria for APS. SLE- and APS-related clinical and laboratory features were assesed: SLE patients with aPL or APS were compared with those without these features.
Results
Not only thromboembolic events, but also Coombs-positive haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and endocarditis occurred significantly more frequently in the aPL-positive than in the aPL-negative patients. In the APS + SLE subgroup, several non-thromboembolic symptoms occurred more often than in the absence of APS: pleuritis, interstitial lung disease, myocarditis, nephritis and organic brain syndrome. The mean number of major organ manifestations (1.2 vs. 0.5) and the overall number of organ manifestations (8.1 vs. 6.9) were higher in the APS + SLE patients than in those without APS (p < 0.05). The APS + SLE subgroup more frequently required intensive immunosuppressive treatment than did the APS-negative patients (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
SLE patients with aPL positivity or secondary APS also have a higher risk to develop non-thromboembolic disease manifestations in addition to the aPL-related symptoms, and are predisposed to more severe SLE manifestations.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) harbors a protein quality control system, which monitors protein folding in the ER. Elimination of malfolded proteins is an important function of this protein quality ...control. Earlier studies with various soluble and transmembrane ER-associated degradation (ERAD) substrates revealed differences in the ER degradation machinery used. To unravel the nature of these differences we generated two type I membrane ERAD substrates carrying malfolded carboxypeptidase yscY (CPY*) as the ER-luminal ERAD recognition motif. Whereas the first, CT* (CPY*-TM), has no cytoplasmic domain, the second, CTG*, has the green fluorescent protein present in the cytosol. Together with CPY*, these three substrates represent topologically diverse malfolded proteins, degraded via ERAD. Our data show that degradation of all three proteins is dependent on the ubiquitin-proteasome system involving the ubiquitin-protein ligase complex Der3/Hrd1p-Hrd3p, the ubiquitin conjugating enzymes Ubc1p and Ubc7p, as well as the AAA-ATPase complex Cdc48-Ufd1-Npl4 and the 26S proteasome. In contrast to soluble CPY*, degradation of the membrane proteins CT* and CTG* does not require the ER proteins Kar2p (BiP) and Der1p. Instead, CTG* degradation requires cytosolic Hsp70, Hsp40, and Hsp104p chaperones.
•Few studies have thoroughly characterized the impact of AIE on BBB function in adulthood.•Sexually divergent consequences of AIE were observed in adulthood with male rats showing a unique ...vulnerability to increased BBB permeability.•These changes correlated to persistent alterations in VEGFA and PDGFRβ, two factors known to affect BBB permeability.
Binge drinking that typically begins during adolescence can have long-lasting neurobehavioral consequences, including alterations in the central and peripheral immune systems. Central and peripheral inflammation disrupts blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and exacerbates pathology in diseases commonly associated with disturbed BBB function. Thus, the goal of the present studies was to determine long-lasting effects of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) on BBB integrity. For AIE, male and female Sprague Dawley rats were repeatedly exposed to ethanol (4 g/kg, intragastrically) or water during adolescence between postnatal day (P) 30 and P50. In adulthood (∼P75), rats were challenged with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-tagged Dextran of varying molecular weights (4, 20, & 70 kDa) for assessment of BBB permeability using gross tissue fluorometry (Experiment 1). Experiment 2 extended these effects using immunofluorescence, adding an adult ethanol-exposed group to test for a specific developmental vulnerability. Finally, as a first test of hypothesized mechanism, Experiment 3 examined the effect of AIE on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) and its co-localization with pericytes (identified through expression of platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ), a key regulatory cell embedded within the BBB. Male, but not female, rats with a history of AIE showed significantly increased dextran permeability in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), cingulate prefrontal cortex (cPFC), and amygdala (AMG). Similar increases in dextran were observed in the hippocampus (HPC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of male rats with a history of AIE or equivalent ethanol exposure during adulthood. No changes in BBB permeability were evident in females. When VEGFa expression was examined, male rats exposed to AIE were challenged with 3.5 g/kg ethanol (i.p.) or vehicle acutely in adulthood to assess long-lasting versus acute actions of ethanol. Adult rats with a history of AIE showed significantly fewer total cells expressing VEGFa in the AMG and dHPC following the acute ethanol challenge in adulthood. They also showed a significant reduction in the number of PDGFRβ positive cells that also expressed VEGFa signal. The anatomical distribution of these effects corresponded with increased BBB permeability after AIE (i.e., differential effects in the PVN, AMG, and dHPC). These studies demonstrated sex-specific effects of AIE, with males, but not females, demonstrating long-term increases in BBB permeability that correlated with changes in VEGFa and PDGFRβ protein, two factors known to influence BBB permeability.
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