The protein of retroviral origin ENS-1/ERNI plays a major role during neural plate development in chick embryos by controlling the activity of the epigenetic regulator HP1 gamma, but its function in ...the earlier developmental stages is still unknown. ENS-1/ERNI promoter activity is down-regulated upon differentiation but the resulting protein expression has never been examined. In this study, we present the results obtained with custom-made antibodies to gain further insights into ENS-1 protein expression in Chicken embryonic stem cells (CES) and during their differentiation. First, we show that ENS-1 controls the activity of HP1 gamma in CES and we examined the context of its interaction with HP1 gamma. By combining immunofluorescence and western blot analysis we show that ENS-1 is localized in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, in agreement with its role on gene's promoter activity. During differentiation, ENS-1 decreases in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus. More precisely, three distinct forms of the ENS-1 protein co-exist in the nucleus and are differently regulated during differentiation, revealing a new level of control of the protein ENS-1. In silico analysis of the Ens-1 gene copies and the sequence of their corresponding proteins indicate that this pattern is compatible with at least three potential regulation mechanisms, each accounting only partially. The results obtained with the anti-ENS-1 antibodies presented here reveal that the regulation of ENS-1 expression in CES is more complex than expected, providing new tracks to explore the integration of ENS-1 in CES cells regulatory networks.
In this paper, a review about solid-liquid extractive techniques is carried out and an innovative solid-liquid extraction technology, Extractor Naviglio, is described, which is based on a new ...extractive principle: Naviglio principle. In this paper, this technology is applied to the production of an alcoholic extract from lemon peel, that is mixed with a sugar and water solution in the right proportion to produce lemon liquor that is commonly named Limoncello. Lemon liquor obtained utilizing Extractor Naviglio and using half the weight of peel for volume unit used with the traditional technique is compared with the one obtained by maceration of lemon peel deriving from the same lemon lot and randomly selected in both cases, thus carrying out a preference panel test. One hundred people, randomly chosen and involved in tasting the two lemon liquors, did not point out significant differences between the two lemon liquors and in most cases (90%) a preference was expressed for the one obtained by Extractor Naviglio. The utilized process allows to totally recover ethanol from the exhausted lemon peel, so that these can be disposed as non toxic waste in agriculture or as feed
In questo lavoro viene fatta una rassegna delle tecniche estrattive solido-liquido attualmente esistenti ed e' presentata una tecnologia di estrazione solido-liquido innovativa, il Naviglio Estrattore, che si basa su un nuovo principio di estrazione (il principio di Naviglio). Questa tecnologia viene applicata in questo caso alla produzione dell'estratto alcolico delle bucce di limone, che poi viene mescolato ad una soluzione di acqua e zucchero nelle giuste proporzioni per la produzione del liquore di limone che comunemente viene detto Limoncello. Il liquore di limone, ottenuto con il Naviglio Estrattore, che prevede l'impiego della meta' in peso delle bucce utilizzate nell'unita' di volume per la produzione di quello tradizionale, viene confrontato con quello ottenuto per macerazione delle bucce di limone, provenienti da una stessa partita di limoni scelti casualmente in entrambi i casi, effettuando un panel test di preferenza. Cento persone prese a caso, coinvolte nell'assaggio dei due liquori di limoni, non hanno rilevato differenze significative tra i due liquori e nella maggior parte dei casi (90%) e' stata espressa una preferenza per quello ottenuto con il Naviglio Estrattore. Il processo utilizzato consente di recuperare in modo completo l'alcool etilico imbibito nelle bucce di limone esauste, in modo che esse possano essere smaltite come rifiuto non tossico in agricoltura o come mangime per animali
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