•Digital technologies integrated into port logistics are becoming increasingly decisive among port cities around the world.•The data-based approach has become a necessary modus operandi to promote ...smart and sustainable logistics development•A multidimensional, holistic framework has been developed to integrate enabling factors of smart and sustainable logistics within port cities•Smart and sustainable logistics initiatives in port cities have the potential to enhance economic, environmental, social and technological efficiency.
Digital technologies integrated into port logistics are becoming increasingly decisive among port cities around the world. This growing importance is due to the need for policymakers, urban managers, port authorities, local administrators, shipping companies, couriers, and so on to develop increasingly digitalized and sustainable logistic processes. Therefore, in a global context characterized by intense datafication and globalization of trade, the data-based approach has become a necessary modus operandi to promote smart and sustainable logistics development. This forward-looking model of port logistics uses technologies such as IoT, sensors, cloud computing platforms, Big Data analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), GPS tracking systems, radars, drones, real-time monitoring stations, smart grids, and so on in order to collect, process, monitor and analyse data and information concerning the economic, environmental, social and technological sphere of port cities. In this sense, mobile and fixed platforms help logistics operators to optimize the management of flows (e.g., water, waste, emissions, raw materials, people, monetary investments, etc.) in an efficient and digitized manner. The study proposes a systematic literature review of the most recurring themes concerning smart and sustainable logistics initiatives within port cities in order to develop a multidimensional framework capable of holistically integrating the prevailing enabling factors (Ecosystem, Internal Organization, Data and Security, Policy and Regulation, Finance and Funding, and Digital and Technology), domains (Mobility, Environment, Economy, Telecommunications, Safety and Security, Government, and Community) and goals (Sustainable Development and Digitalization) that characterize smart and sustainable logistical development. To this end, the best practices of several pioneering port cities such as Rotterdam, Hamburg, Singapore, Los Angeles, Amsterdam, etc. implemented in partnerships with technology companies such as Cisco, IBM, Huawei and SAP were also analysed. Therefore, the results of this research show that smart and sustainable logistics initiatives in port cities: (a) have the potential to enhance the efficiency of the economic, environmental, social and technological flows; (b) increase the involvement and awareness of stakeholders such as couriers, shippers, shipping companies, citizens, port authorities, municipalities, security officers, gate and terminal personnel, and so on; and (c) provide a detailed overview of the enabling factors, domains and goals that must be activated by port cities to foster a smart and sustainable logistic transition.
The impact of the space development structure on the level of the ecological footprint is an important element of the sustainable development policy, determining not only its directions, but also ...indicating the manner of respecting environmental principles. The aim of the research is to assess the impact of the spatial development structure on the ecological footprint level. The considerations are based on the assumption that the spatial development structure is a determinant of the ecological footprint level. The study used the shift share analysis method. Selected European countries were the subject of the research. The research period covered the years 2009–2019. The spatial differentiation of the GDP level and the ecological footprint were compared. For each country, the components of structural changes were determined and their changes over time were assessed. The study positively verified the main hypothesis and the auxiliary hypothesis. The ecological footprint decreased in the analyzed period. This phenomenon was not evenly distributed in European countries. Regions with a higher level of changes in the phenomenon than the EU average can be distinguished. The greatest changes in the demand for biosphere’ natural resources in hectares of land and sea were recorded in Latvia and Lithuania. In contrast, the largest decrease in the size of the ecological footprint was observed in Cyprus. Differentiation of changes was visible within the individual components making up the ecological footprint in the analyzed period. The biggest changes took place within the fishing grounds. The smallest changes were recorded for cropland. This paper is expected to provide policy makers with a set of policy proposals to achieve sustainable environmental and economic development.
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•The land use structure has an impact on the level of the ecological footprint.•Based on data from 2009 to 2019 EU countries were tested using the share analysis method.•The greatest changes in the demand for natural resources have been observed in Latvia and Lithuania.•The largest decrease of the ecological footprint was observed in Cyprus.•The biggest changes took place in fisheries and the smallest in arable land.
Remuneration policy is an element of company management. Remuneration systems should be flexible and evolutionary. They must consider not only the changes in the external environment but, most of ...all, the changing needs of the internal environment. In practice, this means aligning the company’s strategy and goals with the remuneration system. What is more, the remuneration policy must be consistent with all personnel substrategies, which should systematically create integrated human capital management. The aim of our research was to determine how employees perceive the appropriate structure of remuneration and how the relationships between the elements that make up the structure of remuneration are perceived. Energy sector employees were selected for the study, dividing the group of respondents by gender, age and level of education. The obtained data were submitted to multivariate correspondence analysis. The analysis of the perception map for the variables of gender, age and education, as well as the subjective assessment of the components of remuneration, allows the general assertion that both men and women believe that the amount of the fixed part of remuneration should be influenced by such elements as: work efficiency, education, seniority in the current place of employment, position in the hierarchy of the position held, as well as the level of salaries in the labor market. But people aged 60 and over with a vocational education tend to believe that the amount of the fixed part of remuneration should be influenced by collective agreements. Moreover, people aged 25–34 with higher education believe that the granting of additional benefits should not be affected by collective labor agreements.
The COVID-19 pandemic is undoubtedly a destructive factor, strongly affecting the economic fields. From the perspective of the countries affected by the pandemic, almost all sectors of the economy ...saw declines in economic indicators. First, the lockdown and its social consequences contributed to this. The increasing time perspective since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic implies increasingly more studies analyzing its impact on various economic spheres. The aim of the research is to determine the difference in the level of fuel supplies between a pandemic situation and a situation where a pandemic would not occur. We assumed that the pandemic is a determinant of the decline in fuel supplies. The subjects of the analysis were the following fuels: kerosene-type jet fuel, gas oil and diesel oil, motor gasoline, and oil products. The countries of the European Union were analyzed. Monthly data from 2015–2021 provided by Eurostat were used for the analyses. The forecasts for 2020–2021 were determined using the exponential smoothing method. The assumption was shown to be accurate in the case of kerosene-type jet fuel, gas oil, and diesel oil. In this case, there was a clear drop in the level of supplies. The analysis of forecasts shows that if it were not for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the years 2020–2021, in accordance with the forecasts obtained, approximately 31,495 thousand tons of kerosene-type jet fuel and 11,396 thousand tons of gas oil and diesel oil would have been additionally supplied to the EU countries. For oil products, supply volumes also decreased, but unlike previously mentioned fuels, supply levels had not recovered to pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2021. On the other hand, the forecast of deliveries indicates the volume of 95,683 thousand tons of oil products.
The COVID-19 pandemic caused a drastic reduction in air traffic passengers, especially during the period when the EU countries introduced a lockdown. Even after the relaunch of airline operators, ...passenger traffic did not return to the pre-pandemic trend. The aim of the study was to estimate the difference between the demand that was observed during the pandemic, and the demand that was forecast based on the pre-pandemic trend. The calculations were made for airports in selected EU countries. The first method was seasonality indicators, using quarterly data for 2015–2021. In the multiplicative model of seasonal fluctuations, the method of determining the seasonality indicators was used, based on the quotient of empirical values and the value of the trend. The one-name period trend method was used in the next step, then Fourier spectral analysis was applied. In the context of forecasts for the individual quarters of 2020 and 2021, all models indicate a further growing trend in the demand for passenger transport, which could have been observed if the COVID-19 pandemic had not occurred. As a result of the pandemic, the number of passengers handled at airports has significantly decreased. In the third quarter of 2021, freight growth was already noticeable, with the exception of Netherland, where a marked decline was recorded.
Issues of employee support during the COVID-19 pandemic and the post-pandemic period are of an interdisciplinary nature. Moreover, these should be considered from both an epistemological and a ...practical perspective. The aim of this study was to determine what forms of support for employees in terms of health and quality of work were provided by employers during the pandemic and what forms of support will be expected by employees after it ceases. The research process was carried out in two stages: primary and secondary exploration and quantitative clarification. In the first stage, a systematic review of the literature and a critical analysis of the so-called grey literature was performed. In the second stage, computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) methodology was used. Ward's method was used for data analysis. The results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic forced employers to search for new solutions to enable the continuation of their business activities, which consisted of switching from the traditional form of work to a remote form. The transition to the remote work mode changed the approach to the forms of work support provided for employees, with particular emphasis on the health of employees and the quality of work. The changes in the forms of support for employees in terms of health and quality of work were either bottom-up or top-down. Employers tried to provide access to remote infrastructure as much as possible, but the consequences of remote work in terms of the physical and mental health of employees were rarely noticed or considered. After the pandemic, online health support and access to the appropriate equipment and tools for remote work are unlikely to be needed.
Purpose There are many studies explaining the innovation activity determinants. Nowadays, the digitalization of sales, the influence of social media, user-driven innovation (UDI) activity might be ...considered as one of the crucial sources for the development of new products within the research and development activity. Undertaken research is therefore aimed at determining whether the marketing orientation, i.e. the purchasing behavior of customers, affects the innovation activity of R&D departments that work under the usage of UDI concept. Design/methodology/approach 57 R&D departments operating in Poland participated in the study. Correspondence analysis based on the Burt matrix and Cramer's V correlation coefficients was used for the analysis. Findings The analysis shows that R&D departments in Poland using marketing research and examining consumer purchasing behavior, positively assess the effects of using the UDI concept in R&D departments. They implement it to create or improve products or services offered on the market, especially in the field of customization, while using information from national research and development units in Poland. The motivation for these activities is mainly to increase the assortment level. Research limitations/implications The conducted study covers only R&D departments in Poland, thus it is worth extending the generalization of the results. In terms of future research directions, it's worth to analyze the data from R&D departments in other countries. The results of such studies could be used for comparative analyses. The main limitation of the research is that the research sample was 57 R&D departments of enterprises operating in Poland. Therefore, the research results can't be generalized to all the R&D departments in Poland. Practical implications The findings could help researchers and practitioners improve their understanding of the determinants of innovation activity, especially its relationship to marketing orientation and UDI practices. Originality/value The research regarding marketing orientation of enterprises and its influence on innovation activity is extremely important due to the general change of the conditions for the functioning of enterprises and building their competitive advantage. Knowledge in this area is still insufficient and research gaps are still being exposed. The article presents the correlation between the marketing orientation and customer behavior within the UDI activity and effects of innovation activity of R&D departments being under investigation.
This paper aims to scrutinize the effect of Green technology innovation, digitalization, renewable energy use, environmental taxes, GDP, energy prices, and population on energy efficiency in a panel ...comprising 22 member nations of the European Union. Using the generalized least squares and the panel-corrected standard error, we found (1) the positive effect of digitalization, green patterns, and renewable sources on energy efficiency. (2) The environmental tax has a limited and insignificant effect. (3) On the contrary, the population, GDP, and energy prices negatively affect energy efficiency. Based on the findings, relevant economic and environmental policies have been proposed for energy, technology stakeholders, and policy decision-makers, including substantial investment in digital infrastructure to facilitate the adoption of smart grids, Internet of Things devices, and advanced data analytics for energy management
The emergence of digital technology is a paradigmatic historical change. As a process of transforming social engineering structures, digitization has had a ubiquitous impact on the organization of ...structures and business logic, as well as on economic principles and rules. The fertile ground for digital technology applications is logistics management, which manifests itself in the dynamic development of logistics 4.0. Increasingly, it is pointed out that digital technology has some distinct features that have fundamental implications for innovation. The aim of the present study is to determine the impact of the risk of implementing digital technologies for logistics management. The study was conducted using the standardized questionnaire interview method with representatives of the management of enterprises. The attempt was random. The sampling was made up of micro, small, medium, and large enterprises from the production and services sectors, having a logistics unit or a logistics division, located in the “Bisnode Poland” database. In total, 360 full interviews were carried out. For the study, we defined macro-environment, operational, functional, and microenvironment risks. The basic conclusion is that between each type of risk and the type of digital technologies used in the studied entities and their partners in the supply chain, there is a high and very high dependence in the case of three-dimensional printing (3D printing), artificial intelligence, blockchain, drones, augmented reality, and self-propelled vehicles.
The aim of this paper is a comparative analysis of the disparities between EU Member States regarding the uniformity of the observed changes in the field of sustainable development. In order to ...fulfil the purpose the relatively dynamic taxonomy has been applied. In the work the key indicators of the Sustainable Development analysis have been used. Application of relative measures enabled to assess the situation of a given country in relation to all other countries. According to the research relatively high levels of dis-proportionality between the EU Member States in the field of sustainable development can be observed. Surprisingly the greatest deterioration was observed between Southern European countries and not as could be expected between Western and Northern ones. The leaders throughout the period of analysis were the Netherlands and France, which clearly stood out in favor of the other countries. The least favorable positions were taken by Malta and Bulgaria, which were at the end of the all rankings. The results obtained can be utilized in subsequent years to examine the directions of change observed both from the point of view of individual EU Member States and geographical regions of Europe in the area of sustainable development.
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