Walnut (Juglans regia), an economically important woody plant, is widely cultivated in temperate regions for its timber and nutritional fruits. Despite abundant studies in germplasm, systemic ...molecular evaluations of walnut are sparsely reported mainly due to the limited molecular markers available. Expressed sequence tags (EST) provide a valuable resource for developing simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In this study, a total of 5,025 walnut ESTs (covering 16.41 Mb) were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. The SSR motifs were then analyzed by the SSRHunter software. In total, 398 SSRs were obtained with an average frequency of 1/4.08 kb. Dinucleotide (di-) repeat motifs accounted for 69.85% of all SSRs, followed by trinucleotide (tri-) with a frequency of 27.64%, while low frequency (2.51%) of tetranucleotide (tetra-) to hexanucleotide (hexa-) was observed. Meanwhile, GCA and TC motifs were prevalent among di- and tri- loci, respectively. Subsequently, a total of 123 primer pairs were designed from the non-redundant SSR-containing unigenes with the selection threshold of SSR length set to 10 bp or more. To examine the efficiency of candidate markers, seven DNA pools were collected from geographically different accessions. Results demonstrated that 41 SSR primer sets could generate high polymorphic amplification products (33.3%), and these polymorphic loci were mainly located in the 3′-untranslated region. Annotation analysis revealed that only two of these 41 loci were located inside open reading frames of characterized proteins (E ≤ 1E−30).
SO
concentration decreased rapidly in recent years in China due to the implementation of strict control policies by the government. Particulate sulfate (pSO
) and gaseous H
SO
(SA) are two major ...products of SO
and they play important roles in the haze formation and new particle formation (NPF), respectively. We examined the change in pSO
and SA concentrations in response to reduced SO
concentration using long-term measurement data in Beijing. Simulations from the Community Multiscale Air Quality model with a 2-D Volatility Basis Set (CMAQ/2D-VBS) were used for comparison. From 2013 to 2018, SO
concentration in Beijing decreased by ~81% (from 9.1 ppb to 1.7 ppb). pSO
concentration in submicrometer particles decreased by ~60% from 2012-2013 (monthly average of ~10 μg·m
) to 2018-2019 (monthly average of ~4 μg·m
). Accordingly, the fraction of pSO
in these particles decreased from 20-30% to <10%. Increased sulfur oxidation ratio was observed both in the measurements and the CMAQ/2D-VBS simulations. Despite the reduction in SO
concentration, there was no obvious decrease in SA concentration based on data from several measuring periods from 2008 to 2019. This was supported by the increased SA:SO
ratio with reduced SO
concentration and condensation sink. NPF frequency in Beijing between 2004 and 2019 remains relatively constant. This constant NPF frequency is consistent with the relatively stable SA concentration in Beijing, while different from some other cities where NPF frequency was reported to decrease with decreased SO
concentrations.
In this paper, we propose a new spectral semi-supervised feature selection criterion called s-Laplacian score. It identifies discriminate features by measuring their capability of preserving both ...local and global geometrical structure. To address the limitation for spectral feature selection which cannot handle redundant features, we define Classification Information Gain degree (CIG) to measure redundant features. Based on s-Laplacian and CIG, we propose a graph-based semi-supervised feature selection algorithm (GSFS). The experimental results on real-world image dataset for automatic spam image identification problem show that GSFS can do well in utilizing small labeled samples and a large amount unlabeled data to select discriminate features.
Objective To identify and investigate the susceptibility genes of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) in Chinese population. Methods Whole-exome capturing and sequencing technology was used for the detection ...of genetic variations in 19 individuals from six families with high incidence of KBD. A total of 44 polymorphisms from 41 genes were genotyped from a total of 144 cases and 144 controls by using MassARRAY under the standard protocol from Sequenom. Association was applied on the data by using PLINK1.07. Results In the sequencing stage, each sample showed approximately 70-fold coverage, thus covering more than 99% of the target regions. Among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) used in the transmission disequilibrium test, 108 had a p-value of <0.01, whereas 1056 had a p-value of <0.05. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway analysis indicates that these SNPs focus on three major pathways: regulation of actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion, and metabolic pathways. In the validation stage, single locus effects revealed that two of these polymorphisms (rs7745040 and rs9275295) in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 gene and one polymorphism (rs9473132) in CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) gene have a significant statistical association with KBD. Conclusions HLA-DRB1 and CD2AP gene were identified to be among the susceptibility genes of KBD, thus supporting the role of the autoimmune response in KBD and the possibility of shared etiology between osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and KBD.
We used the binding energy-bond-charge model to study the atomic bonding and electrical properties of the two-dimensional graphene/BN van der Waals heterostructure. We manipulated its atomic bonding ...and electrical properties by manufacturing defects. We discovered that this process yielded a band structure with a flat band, i.e., a horizontal band structure without dispersion at the Fermi level. Thus, our research is significant because it is the first report on this flat band of defect graphene/BN van der Waals heterostructures.
The high stability emulsion of modified petroleum waxes, which has applications in many fields, such as rubber, leather, shoe, wood, paper, ink, and textiles, was prepared with the mixed emulsifiers ...comprising of nonionic surfactant and anionic surfactant. The experimental results showed that optimal conditions were: amount of the emulsifier 6-8%, emulsifying temperature 85-95°C, stirring velocity 1000-1400 r/min, emulsifying time 20-30 min.
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