▶ Increasing in the amount, the area and the volume fraction of the inclusion in steel makes the steel more susceptible to HIC. ▶ The steel with a microstructure consisting of granular bainite and ...M/A (Martensite/austenite) microconstituents is more susceptible to HIC. ▶ The lower the values of Dapp and J∞L and the higher the value of capp are the more the hydrogen trapping occurs in the steel, and the more the steel is susceptible to HIC.
The susceptibility to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) was evaluated for X120 steels containing different amounts of Mn and Al in a H
2S environment. The hydrogen trapping efficiency was investigated by measuring the permeability (
J
∞
L) and the apparent diffusivity (
D
app). The results demonstrated that larger amount of the inclusions, and larger area and volume fraction of the inclusions make steels more susceptible to HIC. The steel with a microstructure consisting of granular bainite and M/A (martensite/austenite) microconstituents is more susceptible to HIC. The ability of the microstructure and the inclusions to trap hydrogen was explained in terms of the apparent diffusivity (
D
app), permeability (
J
∞
L), and solubility of hydrogen in steels (
c
app). The lower the values of
D
app and
J
∞
L and the higher the value of
c
app are, the more the hydrogen trapping occurs in the steel, and the more the steel is susceptible to HIC.
Abstract
The BOUT++ transport code is run to study the effects of plasma drifts on the divertor out-in asymmetries (DOIAs) of particle and heat fluxes and their decay widths for EAST lower single ...null H-mode discharges. The diamagnetic drift seems to have no effects on the DOIAs of total particle and heat fluxes due to its divergence-free nature. However, it could significantly increase the DOIAs of peak particle and heat fluxes and the flux decay widths. The E × B drift is found to induce a large plasma flow to the divertor region, enhancing the DOIAs of both total and peak particle and heat fluxes and the flux decay widths. Both the radial and poloidal components of the E × B drift are necessary in increasing the DOIAs, however, the radial E × B drift seems to play a more important role. The effects on the DOIAs caused by both diamagnetic and E × B drifts are reversed with the reverse of toroidal magnetic field. The heat flux decay width
λ
q
and spreading width
S
q
are important physical and engineering parameters for the divertors and could be obtained by fitting the heat flux profiles at divertor targets. The
λ
q
at the outer target from the simulation case with all drifts could well match with the multi-machine scaling proposed by Eich and the DOIA of
λ
q
is in reasonable agreement with the scaling proposed by Goldston.
Degeneration of articular cartilage (AC) tissue is the most common cause of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play important roles in bone and cartilage ...formation. This article reviews the experimental and clinical applications of BMPs in cartilage regeneration. Experimental evidence indicates that BMPs play an important role in protection against cartilage damage caused by inflammation or trauma, by binding to different receptor combinations and, consequently, activating different intracellular signaling pathways. Loss of function of BMP-related receptors contributes to the decreased intrinsic repair capacity of damaged cartilage and, thus, the multifunctional effects of BMPs make them attractive tools for the treatment of cartilage damage in patients with degenerative diseases. However, the development of BMP therapy as a treatment modality for cartilage regeneration has been hampered by certain factors, such as the eligibility of participants in clinical trials, financial support, drug delivery carrier safety, availabilities of effective scaffolds, appropriate selection of optimal dose and timing of administration, and side effects. Further research is needed to overcome these issues for future routine clinical applications. Research and development leading to the successful application of BMPs can initiate a new era in the treatment of cartilage degenerative diseases like OA.
North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most densely populated regions in China and has experienced enormous economic growth in the past decades. Its regional trace gas pollution has also become one of ...the top environmental concerns in China. Measurements of surface trace gases, including O3, NOx, SO2 and CO were carried out within the HaChi (Haze in China) project at Wuqing Meteorology Station, located between 2 mega-cities (Beijing and Tianjin) in the NCP, from 9 July 2009 to 21 January 2010. Detailed statistical analyses were made in order to provide information on the levels of the measured air pollutants and their characteristics. Gaseous air pollutant concentrations were also studied together with meteorological data and satellite data to help us better understand the causes of the observed variations in the trace gases during the field campaign. In comparison to measurements from other rural and background stations in the NCP, relatively high concentrations were detected in Wuqing, presumably due to regional mixing and transport of pollutants. Local meteorology had deterministic impacts on air pollution levels, which have to be accounted for when evaluating other effects on pollutant concentrations. Trace gas concentrations showed strong dependence on wind, providing information on regional pollution characteristics. O3 mixing ratio also showed clear dependencies on temperature and relative humidity.
Refractory or relapsed B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patients have a dismal outcome with current therapy. We treated 42 primary refractory/hematological relapsed (R/R) and 9 refractory minimal ...residual disease by flow cytometry (FCM-MRD
) B-ALL patients with optimized second generation CD19-directed CAR-T cells. The CAR-T-cell infusion dosages were initially ranged from 0.05 to 14 × 10
/kg and were eventually settled at 1 × 10
/kg for the most recent 20 cases. 36/40 (90%) evaluated R/R patients achieved complete remission (CR) or CR with incomplete count recovery (CRi), and 9/9 (100%) FCM-MRD
patients achieved MRD
. All of the most recent 20 patients achieved CR/CRi. Most cases only experienced mild to moderate CRS. 8/51 cases had seizures that were relieved by early intervention. Twenty three of twenty seven CR/CRi patients bridged to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) remained in MRD
with a median follow-up time of 206 (45-427) days, whereas 9 of 18 CR/CRi patients without allo-HCT relapsed. Our results indicate that a low CAR-T-cell dosage of 1 × 10
/kg, is effective and safe for treating refractory or relapsed B-ALL, and subsequent allo-HCT could further reduce the relapse rate.
Stem-cell differentiation to desired lineages requires navigating alternating developmental paths that often lead to unwanted cell types. Hence, comprehensive developmental roadmaps are crucial to ...channel stem-cell differentiation toward desired fates. To this end, here, we map bifurcating lineage choices leading from pluripotency to 12 human mesodermal lineages, including bone, muscle, and heart. We defined the extrinsic signals controlling each binary lineage decision, enabling us to logically block differentiation toward unwanted fates and rapidly steer pluripotent stem cells toward 80%–99% pure human mesodermal lineages at most branchpoints. This strategy enabled the generation of human bone and heart progenitors that could engraft in respective in vivo models. Mapping stepwise chromatin and single-cell gene expression changes in mesoderm development uncovered somite segmentation, a previously unobservable human embryonic event transiently marked by HOPX expression. Collectively, this roadmap enables navigation of mesodermal development to produce transplantable human tissue progenitors and uncover developmental processes.
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•Stepwise map of competing signals guiding human mesoderm development•Efficient human mesoderm induction by blocking formation of unwanted fates•ESC-derived human bone progenitors and heart precursors engraft in vivo•A transient segmentation program in human embryogenesis marked by HOPX
The lineage roadmap of human mesoderm development reveals transient developmental processes such as human somite segmentation and enables the generation and isolation of transplantable human bone and heart progenitors.
The hygroscopic properties of submicron aerosol particles were determined at a suburban site (Wuqing) in the North China Plain among a cluster of cities during the period 17 July to 12 August, 2009. ...A High Humidity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (HH-TDMA) instrument was applied to measure the hygroscopic growth factor (GF) at 90%, 95% and 98.5% relative humidity (RH) for particles with dry diameters between 50 and 250 nm. The probability distribution of GF (GF-PDF) averaged over the period shows a distinct bimodal pattern, namely, a dominant more-hygroscopic (MH) group and a smaller nearly-hydrophobic (NH) group. The MH group particles were highly hygroscopic, and their GF was relatively constant during the period with average values of 1.54 ± 0.02, 1.81 ± 0.04 and 2.45 ± 0.07 at 90%, 95% and 98.5% RH (D0 = 100 nm), respectively. The NH group particles grew very slightly when exposed to high RH, with GF values of 1.08 ± 0.02, 1.13 ± 0.06 and 1.24 ± 0.13 respectively at 90%, 95% and 98.5% RH (D0 = 100 nm). The hygroscopic growth behaviours at different RHs were well represented by a single-parameter Köhler model. Thus, the calculation of GF as a function of RH and dry diameter could be facilitated by an empirical parameterization of κ as function of dry diameter. A strong diurnal pattern in number fraction of different hygroscopic groups was observed. The average number fraction of NH particles during the day was about 8%, while during the nighttime fractions up to 20% were reached. Correspondingly, the state of mixing in terms of water uptake varied significantly during a day. Simulations using a particle-resolved aerosol box model (PartMC-MOSAIC) suggest that the diurnal variations of aerosol hygroscopicity and mixing state were mainly caused by the evolution of the atmospheric mixing layer. The shallow nocturnal boundary layer during the night facilitated the accumulation of freshly emitted carbonaceous particles (mainly hydrophobic) near the surface while in the morning turbulence entrained the more aged and more hygroscopic particles from aloft and diluted the NH particles near the surface resulting in a decrease in the fraction of NH particles.
On 16 September 2015, the MW = 8.2 Illapel megathrust earthquake ruptured the Central Chilean margin. Combining inversions of displacement measurements and seismic waveforms with high frequency (HF) ...teleseismic backprojection, we derive a comprehensive description of the rupture, which also predicts deep ocean tsunami wave heights. We further determine moment tensors and obtain accurate depth estimates for the aftershock sequence. The earthquake nucleated near the coast but then propagated to the north and updip, attaining a peak slip of 5–6 m. In contrast, HF seismic radiation is mostly emitted downdip of the region of intense slip and arrests earlier than the long period rupture, indicating smooth slip along the shallow plate interface in the final phase. A superficially similar earthquake in 1943 with a similar aftershock zone had a much shorter source time function, which matches the duration of HF seismic radiation in the recent event, indicating that the 1943 event lacked the shallow slip.
Key Points
We determine a comprehensive rupture model for the 2015 Illapel earthquake
Divergence between finite fault and backprojection source time functions indicates shallow slip
The 1943 Illapel earthquake rupture was probably similar in the deeper parts but lacks shallow slip
Summary
A normal reference value of parathyroid hormone (PTH) was established for the first time in a large sample of healthy Chinese subjects by completely excluding interference of vitamin D ...deficiency. A high PTH level correlated significantly with an elevated bone turnover and a reduced bone mineral density (BMD).
Introduction
The aims of this study are to establish a normal reference value for serum PTH and to evaluate the effect of parathyroid gland status on bone turnover and BMD.
Methods
Our cross-sectional study included 1436 healthy individuals from 5 different Chinese cities. Concentrations of serum PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), procollagen I N-terminal peptide (P1NP, a bone formation marker), and carboxyl-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX, a bone resorption marker) were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The relation of PTH concentration to age, gender, height, and weight was examined. Reference values of PTH were established for all subjects and for subjects categorized by serum 25OHD concentrations. Correlations of PTH levels with bone turnover biomarkers and BMD were statistically analyzed.
Results
Reference values of PTH were 8.84–69.95 pg/mL in all the subjects and 7.48–60.73 and 5.83–56.78 pg/mL in the subjects with serum 25OHD concentrations of ≥20 and ≥30 ng/mL, respectively. Serum PTH showed a negative linear correlation with 25OHD, and the breakpoint was 18.21 ng/mL, below which the PTH level rapidly increased. The increase in PTH levels with age showed a positive linear correlation with P1NP and β-CTX concentrations and a negative linear correlation with BMD at the lumbar spines and the femoral neck.
Conclusions
A reference value of PTH was established in a large sample of healthy Chinese subjects according to 25OHD status, gender, and age. A high PTH level correlated significantly with an elevated bone turnover and a reduced BMD.
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