Omega-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), especially long-chain eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids, exert a strong positive influence on human health. At present, ...fish oil is the major source of omega-3.
EPA and DHA are highly susceptible to lipid oxidation Lipid oxidation of fish oil and other PUFA-rich foods is a serious problem that often leads to loss of shelf-life, consumer acceptability, functionality, nutritional value, and safety. In this review, some beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids are presented. In addition, some approaches used to protect PUFAs such as antioxidants, microencapsulation and modified atmosphere packaging are reviewed.
► Omega-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), especially long-chain eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids, exert a strong positive influence on human health. ► At present, fish meat and oil are the major source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. ► EPA and DHA are highly susceptible to lipid oxidation. ► Lipid oxidation of fish oil and other PUFA-rich foods is a serious problem that often leads to loss of shelf-life, consumer acceptability, functionality, nutritional value, and safety. ► In this review, some beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids are presented. In addition, some approaches used to protect PUFAs such as antioxidants, microencapsulation and modified atmosphere packaging are reviewed.
In the present review, natural and non-toxic particles made of micro/nanocellulose were specifically targeted as stabilizers of emulsions located at dispersed and continuous phases interfaces (called ...Pickering Emulsions, PEs). PEs are biphasic systems stabilized by solid particles with a recent interest in food and cosmetic domains. PEs have been more and more studied in the last ten years due to their advantages compared to conventional emulsions with surfactants. PEs have already been stabilized with various types of particles and particularly cellulose. Even if some studies showed that PEs were more stable when cellulose was chemically modified, numerous other recent studies showed that unmodified micro/nanocellulose is also promising biomaterial to stabilize PEs. Micro/nanocelluloses can be extracted by various green processes from numerous agricultural wastes and co-products, as banana peels, corncob, ginkgo seed shells, lime residues, mangosteen rind, oil palm empty fruit bunches, pistachio shells, as well as wheat straw. Main green processes used to treat cellulose are grinding, high pressure homogenization, microfluidization, enzymatic hydrolysis, subcritical water, extrusion, electron beam irradiation, cryocrushing, microwaves or sonication. PEs formulated with cellulose clearly participate to a global sustainable development but, additional studies will be necessary to better understand PEs stability and improve properties.
Spherification methods to produce particles of millimetric size are detailed in this review, especially for encapsulation purpose and using alginate. Therefore, alginate properties and factors ...impacting its gelation, counting its structure and experimental conditions such as pH, temperature, crosslinker concentration, residence time and ionic strength, are largely discussed. Furthermore, the interest for using co-polymer in spherification is investigated. Thereby, alginate composite gels can enhance encapsulation efficiency, mechanical stability, barrier properties and thermal stability. The advantages and limitations of their use are discussed for each spherification process to improve the knowledge about alginate versatility. Alginate is still one of the most promising encapsulation materials.
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•Alginate gelation is related to its molecular structure and experimental conditions.•Spherification is one of the most studied encapsulation process.•Alginate a very versatile material that can be used in most encapsulation processes.•Polymers addition improves alginate spherification and encapsulation properties.
This review is primarily focused on the comparison of three emerging techniques: electrospraying, nano spray drying, and electrostatic spray drying techniques. There are persistent advances to ...develop efficient drying technique for sensitive bioactives and to overcome their hurdles. These processes involve electrostatic forces as a promising factor for better encapsulation and stability of dried particles. Their potential differences in experimental setup, influencing factors and recent applications are listed. Introduction of electrostatic interaction between the components during atomization allows electrospraying and electrostatic spray drying as an advanced drying technique for heat-sensitive and labile products. Electrospraying and nano-spray drying demonstrated an effective drying with different solvent systems (organic or non-organic solvents) and also, achieved to encapsulate complex food ingredients (vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, probiotics etc.). These electric-assisted technologies showed higher encapsulation efficiency, uniform particle morphology and longer stability of dried powders than classical technologies. Nano-spray dryer with spray mesh technology and electrostatic collector brings out difference in dried powders in terms of particle size and product yield when compared to conventional spray drying. Electrospraying and nano-spray drying have been beneficial for highly valued research products (such as cells, enzymes, genes, etc.) but the scaling up of these processes is still currently in process.
•Three emerging spray drying technologies using electric fields have been reviewed.•Electrospraying, nano-spray & electrostatic spray drying works at lower temperature.•These processes involve electrostatic forces allowing droplets & particle repulsion.•Overall technical considerations, advantages and limitations are discussed.•Industrial set up of electrostatic spray drying is commercially available.
Emulsions are multiphasic systems composed of at least two immiscible phases. Emulsion formulation can be made by numerous processes such as low-frequency ultrasounds, high-pressure homogenization, ...microfluidization, as well as membrane emulsification. These processes often need emulsifiers’ presence to help formulate emulsions and to stabilize them over time. However, certain emulsifiers, especially chemical stabilizers, are less and less desired in products because of their negative environment and health impacts. Thus, to avoid them, promising processes using high-frequency ultrasounds were developed to formulate and stabilize emulsifier-free emulsions. High-frequency ultrasounds are ultrasounds having frequency greater than 100 kHz. Until now, emulsifier-free emulsions’ stability is not fully understood. Some authors suppose that stability is obtained through hydroxide ions’ organization at the hydrophobic/water interfaces, which have been mainly demonstrated by macroscopic studies. Whereas other authors, using microscopic studies, or simulation studies, suppose that the hydrophobic/water interfaces would be rather stabilized thanks to hydronium ions. These theories are discussed in this review.
•Canola protein isolate was chemically modified with gum Arabic by Maillard reaction.•SDS-PAGE confirmed the covalent attachment of canola protein isolate to gum Arabic.•Fluorescence intensity and ...free amino group of conjugate were evaluated.•The secondary structure of canola protein isolate after conjugation was reported.
The aim of this study was to produce covalently attached conjugate between canola protein isolate (CPI) and gum Arabic (GA) in aqueous solutions via the Maillard reaction at 90°C in a model system consisting of 2% CPI and 1, 2 or 4% GA. Upon decreasing of free amino group content in the glycosylated CPI to 72%, a new band near the loading end of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a shift of CPI peak in high performance size exclusion chromatography confirmed that the covalent attachment of CPI to GA was successful. The results of secondary structure analysis suggested that grafted CPI had decreased α-helix and β-sheet levels and increased random coils level. The solubility of CPI at isoelectric point was improved remarkably after grafting with GA. The optimal conjugation conditions chosen from the further experiments were 1% of GA, 90°C and reaction time 15min.
•New emulsification process using non-destructive high frequency ultrasound.•Elaboration of stable emulsifier free emulsion.•Correlation between particle size, pH and particle charge.•Effect of size ...distribution on conductivity of emulsion.
Emulsifier free emulsion was developed with a new patented technique for food and cosmetic applications. This emulsification process dispersed oil droplets in water without any emulsifier. Emulsions were prepared with different vegetable oil ratios 5%, 10% and 15% (v/v) using high frequency ultrasounds generated by piezoelectric ceramic transducer vibrating at 1.7MHz. The emulsion was prepared with various emulsification times between 0 and 10h. Oil droplets size was measured by laser granulometry. The pH variation was monitored; electrophoretic mobility and conductivity variation were measured using Zêtasizer equipment during emulsification process. The results revealed that oil droplets average size decreased significantly (p<0.05) during the first 6h of emulsification process and that from 160 to 1μm for emulsions with 5%, 10% and from 400 to 29μm for emulsion with 15% of initial oil ratio.
For all tested oil ratios, pH measurement showed significant decrease and negative electrophoretic mobility showed the accumulation of OH− at oil/water interface leading to droplets stability in the emulsion. The conductivity of emulsions showed a decrease of the ions quantity in solution, which indicated formation of positive charge layer around OH− structure. They constitute a double ionic layer around oil particles providing emulsion stability. This study showed a strong correlation between turbidity measurement and proportion of emulsified oil.
Husk powder was prepared from seven varieties of walnut fruit and their hulling rate, chemical compounds, and total phenolic contents were evaluated. The apolar and polar extracts were prepared, ...respectively, from hexane and a hydroethanolic solvent, while qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses were performed by GC/MS and UHPLC-PDA-HRMS/MS. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties of green walnut husk were also evaluated. The total content of phenolic compounds varied between the varieties, ranging from 35.2 ± 0.9 to 58.0 ± 0.0 mg/g gallic acid equivalent of dry husk weight (dw). The apolar extract was found to contain alkanes, tocopherols, sterols, and fatty acids, including oleic, linoleic, and linolenic, while the polar extract showed the presence of phenolics including salicylate glucuronide, taxifolin, catechin, and quercetin isomers. The antioxidant power obtained by the PAOT (total antioxidant power) method for the husk powders ranged from 256.5 ± 5.9 to 746.8 ± 6.9 score/g dw, and seemed consistent with the total phenolic content and the results obtained by the classic antioxidant test with DPPH. The walnut husk also showed an antibacterial effect against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and cytotoxic potential against HepG2. Among the selected varieties, the green Saman had the highest antioxidant properties, while the Saman with a brown color had the lowest.
In the present study, nanoliposomes composed of rapeseed lecithin were used for the encapsulation of anthocyanin compounds (AC). The nanoliposomes were prepared using hydration and ultrasound ...combined method, and the effect of AC concentration (4.5, 6.75, 9%
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) on the characteristics of nanoliposomes including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of nanoliposomes with and without AC were studied. The results suggested the fabricated nanoliposomes had a size range of 141-196 nm, negative zeta potential and narrow particle size distribution. Further, the samples containing 9% extract had the maximum EE (43%). The results showed elevation of AC concentration resulted in increased particle size, PDI, EE, and surface charge of nanoparticles. The presence of AC extract led to diminished membrane fluidity through the hydrophobic interactions with the hydrocarbon chain of fatty acids. TEM images suggested that the nanoliposomes were nearly spherical and the AC caused their improved sphericity. Further, in vitro biocompatibility tests for human mesenchymal (MSC) and fibroblast (FBL) cells indicated nanoparticles were not toxic. Specifically, the best formulations with the maximum compatibility and bioavailability for MSC and FBL cells were AC-loaded nanoliposomes with concentrations of 0.5 mL/mg and 10.3 mL/µg and, respectively.
: Environmental, economic, and safety challenges have provoked packaging scientists and producers to partially substitute petrochemical‐based polymers with biodegradable ones. The general purpose of ...this review is to introduce poly‐lactic acid (PLA), a compostable, biodegradable thermoplastic made from renewable sources. PLA properties and modifications via different methods, like using modifiers, blending, copolymerizing, and physical treatments, are mentioned; these are rarely discussed together in other reviews. Industrial processing methods for producing different PLA films, wrappings, laminates, containers (bottles and cups), are presented. The capabilities of PLA for being a strong active packaging material in different areas requiring antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics are discussed. Consequently, applications of nanomaterials in combination with PLA structures for creating new PLA nanocomposites with greater abilities are also covered. These approaches may modify PLA weaknesses for some food packaging applications. Nanotechnology approaches are being broadened in food science, especially in packaging material science with high performances and low concentrations and prices, so this category of nano‐research is estimated to be revolutionary in food packaging science in the near future. The linkage of a 100% bio‐originated material and nanomaterials opens new windows for becoming independent, primarily, of petrochemical‐based polymers and, secondarily, for answering environmental and health concerns will undoubtedly be growing with time.
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