4D printing has attracted tremendous interest since its first conceptualization in 2013. 4D printing derived from the fast growth and interdisciplinary research of smart materials, 3D printer, and ...design. Compared with the static objects created by 3D printing, 4D printing allows a 3D printed structure to change its configuration or function with time in response to external stimuli such as temperature, light, water, etc., which makes 3D printing alive. Herein, the material systems used in 4D printing are reviewed, with emphasis on mechanisms and potential applications. After a brief overview of the definition, history, and basic elements of 4D printing, the state‐of‐the‐art advances in 4D printing for shape‐shifting materials are reviewed in detail. Both single material and multiple materials using different mechanisms for shape changing are summarized. In addition, 4D printing of multifunctional materials, such as 4D bioprinting, is briefly introduced. Finally, the trend of 4D printing and the perspectives for this exciting new field are highlighted.
4D printing allows 3D printed structures to change their configurations or functions with time in response to external stimuli. Herein, the material system is reviewed based on the mechanism and potential applications for advances in 4D printing. The trends of 4D printing are discussed and the perspectives for this exciting new field are provided.
Cryptocurrencies are emerging digital currencies that allow anonymity in accessing various risk-taking activities through the Internet (e.g., drugs, gambling). However, given conceptual links to ...high-risk stocks, the present study sought to assess the association between trading cryptocurrencies and problem gambling. Data was collected through a cross-sectional online survey. Advertisement for the survey was posted on Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Participants were adults who had gambled at least monthly in the past year (N = 876; 58.33% male; M = 33.74 years, SD = 9.73). Participants completed the Problem Gambling Severity Index, Patient Health Questionnaire (2-item version), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (2-item version). Trading cryptocurrencies is strongly associated with problem gambling severity (r = 0.53, p < .001). Results from a linear regression with backwards elimination revealed that sports betting, daily fantasy sports, high-risk stock trading, and problem gambling severity contribute to trading cryptocurrencies more frequently in the past year, whereas gambling in on-land casinos contributed to less cryptocurrency trading. Finally, trading cryptocurrencies overlapped strongly with trading high-risk stocks. Moreover, gamblers who engaged in both forms of trading reported greater problem gambling and depression and anxiety symptoms relative to those trading either cryptocurrencies or high-risk stocks, but not both. The present results suggest that trading cryptocurrencies may be appealing to gamblers that are exhibiting greater problem gambling severity. Future research should begin to include cryptocurrency trading in screening, assessment, and treatment protocols, particularly with regular gamblers.
•>50% of regular gamblers have traded cryptocurrencies in the past year•Trading cryptocurrencies is linked to high-risk stock trading•Trading cryptocurrencies is associated with risk for problem gambling, depression and anxiety•Further directions for cryptocurrency research are provided
•Steam treatment for 90 s reduced lipase activity in wheat by 81%.•Steam treatment for 90 s did not change starch and gluten properties.•Steam treatment for 90 s reduced hydrolytic rancidity during ...whole flour storage.•Steam treatment for 90 s reduced lipid oxidation products in whole flour dough.
The effects of steaming wheat kernels on lipolytic degradation of resulting whole flour was studied by quantifying enzyme activities and lipid degradation products during storage. Lipase, lipoxygenase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activities were decreased by up to 81%, 63%, 22%, and 34%, respectively, as the time of steaming increased up to 90 s. Steaming had no effect on starch and gluten properties. Upon storage free fatty acids decreased with respect to time of steaming. Time of steaming did not affect lipid oxidation in flour; however, total carbonyls produced in dough made from stored flour were decreased with the increase in steaming duration. Thus, steaming wheat kernels prior to milling reduced lipase activity and consequently hydrolytic rancidity during storage without affecting starch and gluten fractions. Steam treatment did not affect oxidative rancidity in flour during storage, but did reduce oxidation once the flour was made into a dough.
Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) suggests a sustained, problematic pattern of video gaming contributing to both physical and psychological harms. Applications of self-determination theory have revealed ...two correlates of IGD: (1) daily frustration of basic needs (i.e., competence, autonomy, and relatedness), and (2) stronger extrinsic gaming motivations. Theory and recent research suggests that poorer self-control (i.e., deficits in the ability to regulate emotions, behaviors, and impulses) may be one mechanism by which daily need frustration is associated with IGD and less adaptive gaming motivations. Thus, the present study explores whether self-control explains the relation between daily need frustration and IGD. A total of 487 university students (50.3% female; Mage = 19.50 years, SD = 1.90) completed the IGD Scale, the Basic Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale, the Self-Control Scale, and the Gaming Motivations Scale. Correlations showed that poorer self-control was associated with higher IGD and less adaptive video gaming motivations. Structural equation modeling further revealed that poorer self-control partially explained the relation between daily need frustration and IGD suggesting that daily need frustration undermines individuals’ self-control, which in turn contributes to greater IGD. Collectively, these findings inform theory on the development of IGD from the perspective of self-determination theory.
•Self-control (SC) and Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) are explored in the context of self-determination theory.•Poorer SC is associated with IGD and extrinsic gaming motivations.•Basic need frustration contributes to IGD through its negative effect on players' SC.
Control technologies to inactivate airborne viruses effectively are needed during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and to guard against airborne transmitted diseases. We demonstrate that sealed UV–C ...flow reactors operating with fluences near 253 ± 1 nm of 13.9–49.6 mJ cm–2 efficiently inactivate coronaviruses in an aerosol. For measurements, porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) was nebulized in a custom-built, 3.86 m wind tunnel housed in a biosafety level class II facility. The single pass log10 reduction of active coronavirus was in excess of 2.2 at a flow rate of 2439 L min–1 (13.9 mJ cm–2) and in excess of 3.7 (99.98% removal efficiency) at 684 L min–1 (49.6 mJ cm–2). Because virus titers resulting from sampling downstream of the UV–C reactor were below the limit of detection, the true log reduction is likely even higher than measured. Comparison of virus titration results to reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR and measurement of fluorescein concentrations (doped into the nebulized aerosol) reveals that the reduction in viable PRCV is primarily due to UV–C based inactivation, as opposed to physical collection of virus. The results confirm that UV–C flow reactors can efficiently inactivate coronaviruses through incorporation into HVAC ducts or recirculating air purifiers.
The current review provides an evidence base update of psychosocial treatments for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) in youth. A systematic search was conducted of 2 major scientific ...databases (PsycInfo and PubMed) and ClinicalTrials.gov for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to June 2018. The search identified 26 RCTs examining interventions for SITBs in youth: 17 were included in the 2015 review and 9 trials were new to this update. The biggest change since the prior review was the evaluation of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for adolescents (DBT-A) as the first Level 1: Well-established intervention for reducing deliberate self-harm (composite of nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury) and suicide ideation in youth and Level 2: Probably efficacious for reducing nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts. Five other interventions were rated as Level 2: Probably efficacious for reducing SITBs in youth, with the new addition of Integrated Family Therapy. This evidence base update indicates that there are a few promising treatments for reducing SITBs in youth. Efficacious interventions typically include a significant family or parent training component as well as skills training (e.g., emotion regulation skills). Aside from DBT-A, few treatments have been examined in more than one RCT. Given that replication by independent research groups is needed to evaluate an intervention as Well-established, future research should focus on replicating the five promising interventions currently evaluated as Probably efficacious. In addition, an important future direction is to develop brief efficacious interventions that may be scalable to reach large numbers of youth.
The gut microbiota plays important roles in proper gut function and can contribute to or help prevent disease. Whole grains, including oats, constitute important sources of nutrients for the gut ...microbiota and contribute to a healthy gut microbiome. In particular, whole grains provide NSP and resistant starch, unsaturated TAG and complex lipids, and phenolics. The composition of these constituents is unique in oats compared with other whole grains. Therefore, oats may contribute distinctive effects on gut health relative to other grains. Studies designed to determine these effects may uncover new human-health benefits of oat consumption.
Recent work using music highlights how past experiences and the immediate perceptual environment can shape imagination. Given that aspects of past experiences can be shared, depending on culture, as ...can the immediate perceptual environment, imaginings that might appear idiosyncratic or entirely subjective can in fact be broadly shared.
Optical nonlinear functions are crucial for various applications in integrated photonics, including all-optical information processing1, photonic neural networks2,3 and on-chip ultrafast light ...sources4,5. However, the weak native nonlinearity of most nanophotonic platforms has imposed barriers for such functions by necessitating large driving energies, high-Q cavities or integration with other materials with stronger nonlinearity. Here we effectively utilize the strong and instantaneous quadratic nonlinearity of lithium niobate nanowaveguides for the realization of cavity-free all-optical switching. By simultaneous engineering of the dispersion and quasi-phase matching, we design and demonstrate a nonlinear splitter that can achieve ultralow switching energies down to 80 fJ, featuring a fastest switching time of ~46 fs and a lowest energy–time product of 3.7 × 10−27 J s in integrated photonics. Our results can enable on-chip ultrafast and energy-efficient all-optical information processing, computing systems and light sources.Researchers exploit the quadratic nonlinearity of lithium niobate nanowaveguides and demonstrate cavity-free all-optical switching. Switching energies down to 80 fJ, switching times down to ~46 fs and energy–time products of 3.7 × 10−27 J s are shown.
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