Summary
To identify components of the defense response that limit growth of a biotrophic fungal pathogen, we isolated Arabidopsis mutants with enhanced disease susceptibility to Erysiphe orontii. Our ...initial characterization focused on three mutants, eds14, eds15, and eds16. None of these is considerably more susceptible to a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm). All three mutants develop a hypersensitive response when infiltrated with Psm expressing the avirulence gene avrRpt2, which activates resistance via the LZ‐NBS/LRR resistance protein encoded by RPS2. The growth of Psm(avrRpt2), while somewhat greater in the mutants than in the wild type, is less than growth of the isogenic virulent strain. These results indicate that resistance mediated via LZ‐NBS/LRR R genes is functional. Analysis of the growth of avirulent Peronospora parasitica strains showed that the resistance pathway utilized by TIR‐NBS/LRR R genes is also operative in all three mutants. Surprisingly, only eds14 and eds16 were more susceptible to Erysiphe cichoracearum. Analysis of the expression profiles of PR‐1, BGL2, PR‐5 and PDF1.2 in eds14, eds15, and eds16 revealed differences from the wild type for all the lines. In contrast, these mutants were not significantly different from wild type in the deposition of callose at sites of E. orontii penetration. All three mutants have reduced levels of salicylic acid after infection. eds16 was mapped to the lower arm of chromosome I and found by complementation tests to be allelic to the salicylic acid‐deficient mutant sid2.
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the cortical arousal level in subjects with primary insomnia varies according to their quality of nighttime sleep.
The P300 ERP was recorded each day, ...before and after sleep actigraphically monitored for 1 week. For each participant, the nights of worst- and best-quality sleep were identified.
Seven subjects with primary insomnia and 7 control subjects.
The P300 amplitudes were compared by considering group (insomnia vs control), night (worst vs best), and moment of recording (before vs after sleep) as factors. The subjects with insomnia showed higher P300 amplitudes, as compared with amplitudes of control subjects, only for the worst night of sleep.
Results indicate a relationship between variations in sleep quality and cortical arousal level in subjects with primary insomnia.
The aim of the present study is to analyse factors affecting worries, coping strategies and decisions of young drivers regarding the risk of sleep-related car crashes. Furthermore, the study also ...analyses whether framing the same information about sleepiness in two different linguistic forms influences: (1) the evaluation of the level of risk associated to a specific level of drowsiness (Attribute Framing problem); (2) the willingness to enact strategies to “prevent” sleepiness before night-time driving (Goal Framing problem); (3) the choice between two different ways, both of equal expected efficacy, of lowering drowsiness (Risky decision-making Framing problem).
Six hundred and ninety-five young drivers (57.6% females, 42.4% males); mean age 20.85 years (S.D.
=
1.2) answered questions on drive risk perception and sleepiness, on nocturnal driving experience and on the strategies to deal with driver sleepiness, responding to one of the two different versions of the framed problems. A sub-sample of 130 participants completed the framed problems in both versions. The results show that experiences of sleep attacks and nocturnal driving frequency in the past 6 months affect both risk perception and the preventive strategies adopted. Furthermore, the manipulation on two out of the three problems (attribute and risky decision-making frames) significantly affected the respondents’ evaluation.
Let
G be a finite group of order
¦G¦ odd and let
E
ℓℓ
∗ (−) ⊗
Z
1
¦G¦
denote elliptic cohomology tensored by
Z
1
¦G¦
. Then we give a description of
E
ℓℓ
∗ (E(N, G) ×
NX) ⊗
Z
1/¦G¦, where
N is a ...normal subgroup of
G,
E(
N,
G) is the universal
N-free
G space and
X is any finite
G-CW complex where
N acts freely. We explain how some of the results of Hopkins-Kuhn-Ravenel can be recovered for our results.
Expression of the polygalacturonase-inhibiting-protein gene (pgip) during development of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Red Kidney) was analysed in various organs, including leaves, stems and ...roots of etiolated and light-grown seedlings, light-grown adult plants, as well as flowers, pods, and seeds. In light-grown seedlings and plants, pgip transcripts were detected in all tissues examined, with higher levels found in the transition zone between the elongating and mature region of young hypocotyls, and in the basal region of the stem of adult plants. In etiolated hypocotyls, levels of pgip transcripts in the elongating region were five- to six fold higher than in light-grown hypocotyls. High levels of transcripts were also observed in pods. Accumulation of pgip mRNA was also followed in both compatible and incompatible race-cultivar interactions between Colletotrichum lindemuthianum races α and γ, respectively, and P. vulgaris by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridisation. In situ experiments showed, in incompatible interactions, a rapid, intense and transient accumulation of pgip mRNA in epidermal cells proximal to the site of infection, and, less intense, within the cortical parenchyma underneath. In compatible interactions, no substantial accumulation of pgip mRNA was observed in hypocotyls; a very weak accumulation was observed in leaves during lesion formation.
DarkSide is a multi-stage program devoted to direct searches of Dark Matter particles with detectors based on double phase liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber. The DarkSide-50 setup is running ...underground at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. First it was operated with Atmospheric Argon and during that run (1422 ± 67) kg×d of truly background-free exposure has been accumulated. Obtained data made it possible to set a 90% C.L. upper limit on the WIMP-nucleon cross section of 6.1 × 10−44 cm2 (for a WIMP mass of 100 GeV/c2). Presently the detector is filled with Underground Argon, which is depleted in 39Ar by a factor of (1.4 ± 0.2)×103 with respect to Atmospheric Argon. Acquired so far (2616 ± 43) kg×d (71 live days) in combination with the data from the Atmospheric Argon run give us the 90% C.L. upper limit on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section of 2.0×10−44 cm2 for a WIMP mass of 100 GeV/c2. Up to date this is the best limit obtained with an argon target.
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