Background:
Hypertension (HTN) is emerging as a leading cause of many noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Our analysis estimates the proportion of women aged 15–49 ...years with HTN for nonpregnant and pregnant women in India and its associated sociodemographic women and dietary/behavioral factors.
Methods:
National cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey-4, conducted between 2015 and 2016, were used. The primary outcome of the analysis was HTN. HTN was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg.
Results:
We estimated the proportion of women with HTN and used multivariable logistic regression to explore associated factors. Nationally, 16.89% (95% confidence interval CI = 16.72–17.06) and 11.39% (95% CI = 10.93–11.87) of nonpregnant and pregnant women had HTN. Nonpregnant and pregnant women who consume milk or curd weekly and occasionally were associated with lower odds of being HTN compared to daily eaters. Nonpregnant women who consume green leafy occasionally (adjusted odds ratio aOR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84–0.98) had lower odds of being HTN. Pregnant women who consume pulses or beans occasionally (aOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.06–1.84) had higher odds of being HTN compared to daily eaters.
Conclusion:
We conclude both nonpregnant and pregnant women who consume milk or curd weekly and occasionally are less likely to have HTN. However, proper dietary food strategies are needed. Our findings suggest that there is a need to evaluate interventions targeted to study an appropriate diet to control HTN in India.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the most addressed preventable diseases of public health importance. However, the risk estimates and use of these risk scores for CVD prevention are the least ...explored areas. So, in this study, we explored the different categories of Framingham heart study (FHS) 10-year-CVD risk score and their associated factors among the adult male population in Tamil Nadu, India.
We used the risk factor level data for male adults aged 18 years and above from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) of Tamil Nadu state, India. Sociodemographic variables, behavioral factors, and physiological/biochemical factors were considered as the risk factor and were estimated using the world health organization (WHO) STEPS categories. FHS 10-year-CVD risk score was calculated using a body-mass index-based published Cox regression equation.
Out of 2289 adult males, only 1.12% of the participants had a 10-year CVD risk score greater than 30% and ∼4% of the total participants require statin treatment (FRS-CVD risk score ≥20). Educational status (aOR:14.21, 95 CI: 4.36–46.22- no formal schooling when compared to 10th and above standard), weekly fruit intake (aOR:0.51, 95 CI: 0.27–0.97 when compared to daily fruit intake) and abdominal obesity (aOR:2.43, 95 CI: 1.58–3.74) were found to be associated with higher FRS scores when adjusted for all other factors not involved in FRS calculation.
Widespread use of this score needs to be encouraged in clinical practices and patients with a higher risk of CVD events should be counselled for lifestyle modifications and compliance with treatment for decreasing the burden due to CVDs.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in infants for the first 6 months of life. This analysis aims to estimate the proportion of Indian infants exclusively ...breastfed for the first 6 months using the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS)-4 and 5, and further, determine factors associated with EBF practices.
EBF for this analysis was defined as when infants received only breast milk and no complementary feeds (solid food, water, animal milk, baby formula, juice, and fortified food) in the last 24 h prior to the survey. The proportion of infants exclusively breastfed was plotted from birth to 6 months as per the age of children at the time of the survey, and this was computed for individual states, union territories, and overall, for India. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine factors influencing EBF in Indian infants.
The proportion of Indian infants exclusively breastfed for 6 months was 31.3% (1280/4095; 95% CI 29.9, 32.7) and 43% (1657/3853; 95% CI 41.4, 44.6) as per the NFHS-4 and 5 surveys, respectively. In NFHS-5, infants of scheduled tribes (aOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2, 1.9) and mothers who delivered at public health facilities (aOR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1, 1.5) showed an increased odds of being exclusively breastfed at 6 months of life compared to their counterparts. Further, infants of mothers aged < 20 years (aOR 0.5; 95% CI 0.4, 0.7), low birth weight infants (aOR 0.6; 95% CI 0.4, 0.8), and infants in whom breastfeeding was initiated one hour after birth (aOR 0.8; 95% CI 0.7, 0.9) showed a reduced odds of being exclusively breastfed at 6 months compared to their counterparts.
The overall EBF practice showed an increasing trend in the NFHS-5 compared to the NFHS-4 survey. However, a vast gap remains unaddressed in the Indian setting with > 50% of the population still not exclusively breastfeeding their infants for the WHO recommended duration of first 6 months. Behavioral studies dissecting the complex interplay of factors influencing EBF within the heterogenous Indian population can help plan interventions to promote and scale-up EBF in Indian infants.
Introduction: Undernutrition continues to be a major public health problem throughout the world. Higher birth order of the child contributes to higher chance of being undernutrition. But, the ...relationship between birth order and undernutrition has not been fully studied and understood, especially in India where the fertility rate was high. Aim: To understand the prevalence and determinants of undernutrition using National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) India. Materials and Methods: A national cross-sectional survey was conducted during January 2015 to December 2016. This study used information from a total weighted sample of 128859 children from India NFHS-4. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression were used to investigate the association of undernutrition with birth order, other child, maternal and socio-economic factors. Three models were constructed for the study, model 1 as univariate, model 2 adjusting with birth order and socio-economic predictors and model 3 adjusting with all the predictors included in the study. Results: Of the 128859 children, median Inter Quartile Range (IQR) age was 26 (16-41) months with female/male ratio was 1:1.2. The prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was 37.93% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 37.67-38.20), 34.02% (95% CI 33.76-34.28) and 20.70% (95% CI 20.48-20.92), respectively. Model-1, 2 and 3 showed that the child's higher birth order was found to have higher odds of being stunted and underweight compared with first born children. Children with lower wealth quintiles, male, vaginal delivery had higher odds of being stunted, wasted and underweight in the model-3 adjusted analysis. Conclusion: This study indicates that higher birth order was a significant predictor of a child being stunted and underweight, as it is significant in all three models. However, further longitudinal studies are required to establish a cause-effect relationship between birth order and undernutrition and future interventions to prevent undernutrition should consider birth order as an important factor.
Approximately 10% of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) can be attributed to hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension is steadily increasing among urban, rural, and tribal populations alike. There ...has been a growing incidence of hypertension within underprivileged groups; however, there is a scarcity of research focusing on the risks of hypertension within Indian tribes. The current study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension among tribes and the risk factors of hypertension.
This study uses data from the fifth phase of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) in India, covering 2,843,917 individuals in 636,699 households. A total of 69,176 individuals belonging to tribal communities aged between 15 and 49, encompassing both males and females, have been incorporated into our study. The study utilized bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses, which were conducted using the R statistical software.
Among 69,176 tribal populations between 15 and 49 years, the overall prevalence of hypertension was 12.54% (8676/69176; 95% CI, 12.29%, 12.79%). The prevalence of hypertension among males was 16.4% and 12.07% among females. Age, gender, education, marital status, smoking, and alcohol consumption were found to be the significant predictors of hypertension among tribes.
The rising prevalence and potential dangers of hypertension within Indian tribes highlight their epidemiological transition burdened by significant cardiometabolic health concerns, necessitating prompt and ongoing monitoring and surveillance.
Background: Early childhood nutrition is an important stage in human development characterized by rapid cognitive development. The study aimed to determine the consumption of food patterns and ...dietary diversity among indigenous children according to socioeconomic status. Subjects/Methods: We used cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015–16). Our study included 13,963 tribal children aged six to twenty-three months. A 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire was used to collect data from the mother on 21 foods, 7 food categories, and an ADDI was calculated. The relationship between household wealth, maternal education, food consumption, and ADDI was studied using multivariate regression models. The study used two models. MODEL 1: Adjusted for sex, birth order, religion, children's age, mother education, house type, and family type. Model 2: only for sex and age. Results: The median (IQR) age of the 13963 children was 14 (10-19) months, with a female/male ratio of 1:1.06. Overall, the mean score for dietary diversity was low (2.47, 95% CI 2.44–2.49), and the prevalence of ADDI was only 26.9 percent. In model 1, higher-income households were shown to be as likely to consume dairy products. (aOR 2.20; 95% CI 1.90-2.54) and eggs (aOR 1.28; 95% CI 1.06-1.55) than those from poor households. Higher educated mothers were more likely to consume dairy products (aOR 1.52; 95 percent CI 1.26-1.83), eggs (aOR 1.32; 95 percent CI 1.02-1.69), and other fruits and fresh vegetables (aOR 1.32; 95 percent CI 1.04-1.67) compared to mothers with no education. Conclusion: The diverse dietary consumption of Indian tribal children was inadequate. Efforts should be taken to improve their nutritional status through nutrition education and nutrient sensitive farming, including kitchen gardens.
Objective: Malnutrition is a critical public health concern in India. We aimed to understand the prevalence of stunting and its association between cooking fuel type and breastfeeding among Indian ...infants (≤ 6 months of age). Methods: This study used information from a National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS) conducted between 2015 and 2016. From all eligible infants, information on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics was obtained. Univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression was performed to examine the factors associated with stunted children. Results: Of the 15,120 infants, the median (Inter Quartile Range) age was 4 (2-5) months with a female/male ratio of 1:1.06. The prevalence of polluting fuel use and stunting was 68.10% and 20.13% respectively. Stunting among polluting fuel and clean fuel was 22.17% and 15.78%. Stunting among exclusive breastfed and not exclusive breastfed was 20.62% and 19.53%. In adjusted analysis, households using clean fuel (Adjusted Odds Ratio 0.75; 95% Confidence Interval, 0.66-0.86) had lower odds of infants being stunted compared to polluting fuel. Infant currently being breastfed (aOR 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62-0.93) had lower odds of being stunted than infants currently not being breastfed. Conclusion: The present study indicates that polluting cooking fuel and not being breastfed was associated with an increased risk of infant being stunted. A community-based randomized control trial was required to study child and maternal health risks on polluting cooking fuel. Furthermore, the study highlights the urgent need to raise awareness on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding practices.
Objective
To understand the prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea and its associated clinical and socio-demographic characteristics.
Methods
The prospective hospital-based study was conducted at SVP Post ...Graduate Institute of Pediatrics and SCB Medical College, Odisha, India among children under-five years of age from April 2016 to July 2019. From all eligible children admitted at hospital, a case-report form containing information on clinical and socio-demographic characteristics was collected and an attempt was made to collect stool sample. A simple logistic regression method was used to assess factors associated with rotavirus diarrhea.
Results
Of the 1963 children, median (IQR) age was 12 (8–19) mo with a female/male ratio was 1:2.05. The prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea was 36.4% (95% CI, 34.2%–38.6%). Children in the age group of 6–11 (OR 1.64, 95% CI, 1.24–2.18), 12–23 (OR 1.73, 95% CI, 1.31–2.29) mo had higher odds of getting rotavirus diarrhea, compared to those in that of 24–59 mo. The prevalence of wasting, stunting, underweight among children with rotavirus diarrhea was 25.2% (95% CI, 22%–28.4%), 2.1% (95% CI, 1.1%–3.1%), 9.0% (95% CI, 6.8%–11.2%), respectively.
Conclusion
The results of this study confirmed that diarrhea remains an important cause of hospitalization in children. Further studies are required in the community for Rotavirus and its genotyping.
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