Casein protein consumed before sleep has been suggested to offer an overnight supply of exogenous amino acids for anabolic processes. The purpose of this study was to compare supplemental casein ...consumed earlier in the day (DayTime, DT) versus shortly before bed (NightTime, NT) on body composition, strength, and muscle hypertrophy in response to supervised resistance training.
Thirteen males participated in a 10-week exercise and dietary intervention while receiving 35 g casein daily. Isocaloric diets provided 1.8 g protein/kg body weight.
Both groups increased (p < 0.05) in lean soft tissue (DT Pre: 58.3 ± 10.3 kg; DT Post: 61.1 ± 11.1 kg; NT Pre: 58.3 ± 8.6 kg; NT Post: 60.3 ± 8.2 kg), cross-sectional area (CSA, DT Pre: 3.4 ± 1.5 cm2; DT Post: 4.1 ± 1.7 cm2; NT Pre: 3.3 ± 1.6 cm2; NT Post: 3.7 ± 1.6 cm2) and strength in the leg press (DT Pre: 341 ± 87.3 kg; DT Post: 421.1 ± 94.0 kg; NT Pre: 450.0 ± 180.3 kg; NT Post: 533.9 ± 155.4 kg) and bench press (DT Pre: 89.0 ± 27.0 kg; DT Post: 101.0 ± 24.0 kg; NT Pre 100.8 ± 32.4 kg; NT Post: 109.1 ± 30.4 kg) with no difference between groups in any variable (p > 0.05).
Both NT and DT protein consumption as part of a 24-h nutrition approach are effective for increasing strength and hypertrophy. The results support the strategy of achieving specific daily protein levels versus specific timing of protein ingestion for increasing muscle mass and performance.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03352583 .
Iodine, an essential micronutrient, is required to produce thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) comprise a range of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, with the most significant ...irreversible effect resulting from neurodevelopmental deficits in fetal brain caused by deficient iodine status during early pregnancy. The objective of this scoping review was to summarize the studies that assessed iodine status of women of reproductive age in the USA. A systematic review of literature using the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) statement was conducted. PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, EBSCOHost, Cochrane, ERIC, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases were searched, 1652 records were identified. One thousand six hundred forty-one records that did not satisfy the inclusion/exclusion criteria and quality review were excluded, and 11 peer-reviewed articles were determined to be eligible for this scoping review. Despite the USA being considered iodine sufficient for the general population, the US dietary iodine intakes have decreased drastically since the 1970s, with iodine deficiency reemerging in vulnerable groups such as women of reproductive age. Although data to conduct a scoping review of iodine status among women of reproductive age in the USA was scarce, majority of the articles reviewed demonstrate emergent iodine deficiency in this population of women of reproductive age, indicating alarm for a public health concern needing immediate attention.
Summary
The relationship between spinal curvature and bone mineral density (BMD) in women was examined. Significant relationships were observed between spinal curvature and BMD in both pre- and ...postmenopausal women. Excessive spinal curvature may be associated with low bone mass in premenopausal women.
Introduction
The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between spinal measurements of thoracic and lumbar curvatures and bone mineral density in pre- and postmenopausal women.
Methods
The data for this study were obtained from the Texas Woman’s University Pioneer Project. Female participants (
n
= 242; premenopausal
n
= 104, postmenopausal
n
= 138) between the ages of 18 and 60 years were evaluated on multiple health measures. Thoracic and lumbar curvatures were measured with a 24-in. (60 cm) flexicurve. Bone mineral density was assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar DPX IQ, version 4.6e). Pearson correlations and logistic regression analysis were used to examine the associations between the obtained spinal curvature measurements and bone mineral density. Significance was set at
p
< .05.
Results
Significant correlations were observed for the femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density with thoracic and lumbar curve in premenopausal women (
r
= −.344 to − .525;
p
< .001). Slightly weaker, but significant, correlations were observed for femoral neck and lumbar spine in relation to thoracic and lumbar curve in postmenopausal women (
r
= −.288 to −.397;
p
< .01). Premenopausal women with thoracic curvature greater than 4 cm had a greater risk of having low bone mass compared to premenopausal women with less than 4 cm of curvature (odds ratio = 3.982, 95 % CI = 1.206, 13.144).
Conclusions
The observed negative relationship suggests that as either thoracic or lumbar curvature increases, the regional bone mineral density decreases in both pre- and postmenopausal women.
Assessing the effects of grapes and grape powder extracted polyphenols on lipogenesis and glucose uptake in adipocytes may clarify the risk/benefit of recommending them to individuals with obesity ...and insulin resistance. We investigated the effect of grape powder extracted polyphenols (GPEP) on intracellular fat accumulation and glucose uptake during differentiation of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. Total polyphenols were extracted and measured based on gallic acid equivalents (GAE). There were 2167 mg of GAE polyphenols in 100 g of grape powder. 3T3-F442A cells were incubated with GPEP, extracted from 125–500 µg GP/mL of media, until day 8 of differentiation when the cells were collected for different assays. AdipoRed™ assay and Oil Red O staining showed that GPEP induced, in a dose-dependent manner, an increase in intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) content of adipocytes. Concomitantly, grape powder extracted polyphenols increased, in a dose-dependent manner, glucose uptake by 3T3-F442A cells, and there was a strong positive correlation between glucose uptake and the amount of TAG accumulation (r = 0.826, n = 24, P ≤ 0.001). No changes in cell viability was measured by Trypan Blue staining, suggesting that these effects were independent of cytotoxicity. Western-blot showed that GPEP upregulated protein level of glucose transport protein 4 (GLUT4), p-PKB/Akt, and p-AMPK in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. LY294002 (10 µmol/L), a phosphatidyl-inositol 3 kinase inhibitor (PI3K), reversed the effects of grape powder extracted polyphenols on cellular lipid content and glucose uptake. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that GPEP increased mRNA expression of GLUT4, fatty acid synthase, lipoprotein lipase, adiponectin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, while it decreased mRNA expression of leptin and Insig-1. Our results indicate that GPEP may induce adipocyte differentiation via upregulation of GLUT4, PI3K and adipogenic genes. Future research may be directed toward obese individuals with insulin resistance or individuals with diabetes.
Abstract Introduction This study sought to compare general surgery research residents’ survey information regarding self-efficacy ratings to their observed performance during a simulated small bowel ...repair. Their observed performance ratings were based on their leadership skills in directing their assistant. Methods Participants were given 15 minutes to perform a bowel repair using bovine intestines with standardized injuries. Operative assistants were assigned to help assist with the repair. Prior to the procedure, participants were asked to rate their expected skills decay, task difficulty, and confidence in addressing the small bowel injury. Interactions were coded to identify the number of instructions given by the participants to the assistant during the repair. Statistical analyses assessed the relationship between the number of directional instructions and participants’ perceptions self-efficacy measures. Directional instructions were defined as any dialogue by the participant that guided the assistant to perform an action. Results Thirty-six residents (58.3% female) participated in the study. Participants who rated lower levels of decay in their intra-operative decision-making and small bowel repair skills were noted to utilize their assistant more by giving more instructions. Similarly, a higher number of instructions correlated with lower perceived difficulty in selecting the correct suture, suture pattern, and completing the entire surgical task. Conclusion General surgery research residents’ intra-operative leadership skills showed significant correlations to their perceptions of skill decay and task difficulty during a bowel repair. Evaluating resident’s directional instructions may provide an additional individualized intra-operative assessment metric. Further evaluation relating to operative performance outcomes is warranted.
HDL function may be more important than HDL concentration in determining risk for cardiovascular disease. In addition, HDL is a carrier of carotenoids and antioxidant enzymes, which protect HDL and ...LDL particles against oxidation.
The goal of this study was to determine the impact of consuming 0-3 eggs/d on LDL and HDL particle size, HDL function, and plasma antioxidants in a young, healthy population.
Thirty-eight healthy men and women age 18-30 y, body mass index (in kg/m
) 18.5-29.9 participated in this 14-wk crossover intervention. Subjects underwent a 2-wk washout (0 eggs/d) followed by sequentially increasing intake of 1, 2, and 3 eggs/d for 4 wk each. After each period, fasting blood was collected for analysis of lipoprotein subfractions, plasma apolipoprotein (apo) concentration, lutein and zeaxanthin concentration, and activities of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and paraoxonase-1.
Compared with intake of 0 eggs/d, consuming 1-3 eggs/d resulted in increased large-LDL (21-37%) and large-HDL (6-13%) particle concentrations, plasma apoAI (9-15%), and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity (5-15%) (
< 0.05 for all biomarkers). Intake of 2-3 eggs/d also promoted an 11% increase in apoAII (
< 0.05) and a 20-31% increase in plasma lutein and zeaxanthin (
< 0.05), whereas intake of 3 eggs/d resulted in a 9-16% increase in serum paraoxonase-1 activity compared with intake of 1-2 eggs/d (
< 0.05). Egg intake did not affect cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity.
Intake of 1 egg/d was sufficient to increase HDL function and large-LDL particle concentration; however, intake of 2-3 eggs/d supported greater improvements in HDL function as well as increased plasma carotenoids. Overall, intake of ≤3 eggs/d favored a less atherogenic LDL particle profile, improved HDL function, and increased plasma antioxidants in young, healthy adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02531958.
Abstract Introduction The study aim was to identify residents’ coordination between dominant and non-dominant hands while grasping for sutures in a laparoscopic ventral hernia (LVH) repair procedure ...simulation. We hypothesize residents will rely on their dominant and non-dominant hands unequally while grasping for suture. Methods Surgical residents had 15 minutes to complete the mesh securing and mesh tacking steps of a LVH repair procedure. Procedure videos were coded for manual coordination events during the active suture grasping phase. Manual coordination events were defined as: active motion of dominant, non-dominant, or both hands; and bimanual or unimanual manipulation of hands. A chi-square test was used to discriminate between coordination choices. Results Thirty-six residents (PGY 1-5) participated in the study. Residents changed manual coordination types during active suture grasping 500 times, ranging between 5-24 events (M=13.9 events, SD=4.4). Bimanual coordination was used most (40%) and required the most time on average (M=20.6 seconds, SD=27.2), while unimanual non-dominant coordination was used least (2.2%; M=7.9 seconds, SD=6.9). Residents relied on their dominant and non-dominant hands unequally ( p <.001). During 24% of events, residents depended on their non-dominant hand (n=120), which was predominantly used to operate the suture passer device. Conclusion Residents appeared to actively coordinate both dominant and non-dominant hands almost half of the time in order to complete suture grasping. Bimanual task durations took longer than other tasks on average, suggesting these tasks were characteristically longer or switching hands required a greater degree of coordination. Future work is necessary to understand how task completion time and overall performance are affected by residents’ hand utilization and switching between dominant and non-dominant hands in surgical tasks.
This study was performed to evaluate the effect of a diet rich in taurine (2.0 g/100 g) on bone metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. All rats were fed deionized water during the experimental ...period. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of spine and femur were measured. Serum and urinary calcium and phosphorus content were determined. The levels serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were used to assess bone formation. The rate of bone resorption was measured by the deoxypyridinoline (DPD) crosslink immunoassay and corrected for creatinine. Urinary Ca and P excretion, serum osteocalcin content, and the crosslink value were not significantly different between the Sham groups. The taurine supplemented, Sham group had higher spinal and femur BMC than those of the untreated control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, the taurine supplemented, Sham group had significantly higher spine and femur BMC per weight than those of the untreated control group. Within the OVX group, the taurine supplemented group had a lower crosslink value than the casein group. The taurine supplemented, OVX group had higher femur bone mineral content per weight than those of the control, OVX group, but the difference was not statistically significant. A study examining the long-term effect of taurine supplementation in humans is warranted.
The exercising woman with nutritional deficits and related menstrual irregularities is at risk of compromising long-term bone health, i.e., the female athlete triad. There is no animal model of the ...female athlete triad. The purpose of this study was to examine long-term energy restriction in voluntary wheel-running female rats on estrous cycling, bone mineral content, and leptin levels. Twelve female Sprague-Dawley rats (age 34 days) were fed ad libitum and given access to running wheels during an initial 14-wk period, providing baseline and age-related data. Daily collection included dietary intake, body weight, estrous cycling, and voluntary running distance. At 4 mo, rats were randomized into two groups, six restrict-fed rats (70% of ad libitum intake) and six rats continuing as ad libitum-fed controls. Energy intake, energy expenditure, and energy availability (energy intake - energy expenditure) were calculated for each animal. Serum estradiol and leptin concentrations were measured by RIA. Femoral and tibial bone mineral density and bone mineral content (BMC) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Restrict-fed rats exhibited a decrease in energy availability during Weight Loss and Anestrous phases (P = 0.002). Compared with controls after 12 wk, restrict-fed rats showed reduced concentrations of serum estradiol (P = 0.002) and leptin (P = 0.002), lower ovarian weight (P = 0.002), and decreased femoral (P = 0.041) and tibial (P = 0.05) BMC. Decreased energy availability resulted in anestrus and significant decreases in BMC, estrogen and leptin levels, and body weight. Finally, there is a critical level of energy availability to maintain estrous cycling.
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