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TeV gamma rays emitted by GRBs are converted into electron-positron pairs via interactions with the extragalactic infrared radiation fields. In turn the pairs produced, whose trajectories are ...randomized by magnetic fields, will inverse Compton scatter off the cosmic microwave background photons. The beamed TeV gamma ray flux from GRBs is thus transformed into a GeV isotropic gamma ray flux, which contributes to the total extragalactic gamma-ray background emission. Assuming a model for the extragalactic radiation fields, for the GRB redshift distribution and for the GRB luminosity function, we evaluate the contribution of the GRB prompt and scattered emissions to the measured extragalactic gamma-ray flux. To estimate this contribution we optimistically require that the energy flux at TeV energies is about 10 times stronger than the energy flux at MeV energies. The resulting gamma-ray diffuse background is only a small fraction of what is observed, allowing blazars and other sources to give the dominant contribution.
University of Maryland University of California Santa Cruz University of California Irvine New York University University of Wisconsin University of New Hampshire George Mason University (Milagro ...Collaboration) Milagro is a large field of view (~ 2 sr), high duty cycle (~90%), ground-based observatory sensitive to gamma-rays above ~100 GeV. This unique detector is ideal for observing the highest energy gamma-rays from gamma-ray bursts. The highest energy gamma rays supply very strong constraints on the nature of gamma-ray burst sources as well as fundamental physics. Because the highest energy gamma-rays are attenuated by pair production with the extragalactic infrared background light, Milagro's sensitivity decreases rapidly for bursts with redshift > 0.5. While only 10 % of bursts have been measured to be within z=0.5, these bursts are very well studied at all wavelengths resulting in the most complete understanding of GRB phenomena. Milagro has sufficient sensitivity in units of E2 dN/dE to detect VHE luminosities lower than the observed luminosities at ~ 100 keV for these nearby bursts. Therefore, the launch of SWIFT and its ability to localize and measure redshifts of many bursts points to great future possibilities.
The EGRET detection of quasar 1633 + 382 Mattox, J. R.; Bertsch, D. L.; Chiang, J. ...
The Astrophysical journal,
06/1993, Letnik:
410, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In the course of a full-sky survey, the EGRET instrument aboard the Compton Observatory detected an intense, high Galactic latitude source, which is identified as the OVV (optically violent variable) ...quasar 1633 + 382. The spectrum is represented by a power law with an energy spectral index of 0.9 between 30 MeV and 30 GeV. The gamma-ray power per decade is about 100 times larger than typical values at any longer wavelength. Significant variation of the gamma-ray flux density on a time scale as short as two days was observed, limiting the size of the region in which the gamma-rays are produced. Assuming the X-rays detected by the Einstein Observatory from this quasar are produced in the same region as the gamma-rays, and a similar X-ray flux density was extant at the time of the EGRET observation, the emission must be beamed to avoid a pair-production optical depth of 10 exp 4 which would exist otherwise. If beaming arises from bulk relativistic motion, the minimum Doppler factor required is 7.6.
This paper reports the results from three targeted searches of Milagro TeV sky maps: two extragalactic point source lists and one pulsar source list. The first extragalactic candidate list consists ...of 709 candidates selected from the Fermi-LAT 2FGL catalog. The second extragalactic candidate list contains 31 candidates selected from the TeVCat source catalog that have been detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs). In both extragalactic candidate lists Mkn 421 was the only source detected by Milagro. This paper presents the Milagro TeV flux for Mkn 421 and flux limits for the brighter Fermi-LAT extragalactic sources and for all TeVCat candidates. The pulsar list extends a previously published Milagro targeted search for Galactic sources. With the 32 new gamma-ray pulsars identified in 2FGL, the number of pulsars that are studied by both Fermi-LAT and Milagro is increased to 52. In this sample, we find that the probability of Milagro detecting a TeV emission coincident with a pulsar increases with the GeV flux observed by the Fermi-LAT in the energy range from 0.1GeV to 100GeV.
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