In this paper laminated composites with woven fabric on the front side, polyurethane foam (PU) in the middle and knitted fabric on the back side were analyzed. These materials are widely used in the ...automotive industry, medicine, protection activities and other groups of technical textiles Based on analyses and problems encountered in practice, the hypothesis was made that the speed of joining the components into a laminated composite influences the needle penetration force and finally the seam quality when sewing. Investigations were performed using three GB needle systems, two PU thicknesses (2 and 4 mm) and three joining speeds (30, 35 and 40 m/min). According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that higher joining speeds determine lower penetration forces. By systematic analysis of the sewing seam the deformation of laminated composites occur at stitch points, which is caused by hardened PU residues after the lamination of components to a composite. Heating the needle during sewing resulted in partial melting of PU and adhesion of needle to the material is penetrating through which means damage to the needle and seam. This negative occurrence is more pronounced at lower bonding speeds, for higher PU thickness and thicker needle. Based on the results obtained it can be claimed that bonding speed, polyurethane thickness (PU) as well as needle type affected the penetration forces of sewing and seam quality.
In this work, composite materials for car seat covers composed of woven fabric + polyurethane foam (PU) + knitted fabric were tested by separation of components of the composite force, which are ...thermally connected with three different process speeds (30, 34 and 39 m/min) and two thickness PU (2 mm and 4 mm). The thermal bonding of the components into a composite is leading to reduction in thickness and weight of the composite compared to the amount of components before the joining. The force separation decreased as the speed for all samples increased. The smaller thickness of PU had an effect on the larger separation forces of composite components as well as higher abrasion damage. The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of the thermal bonding speed of the composite components, the effect of PU thickness on the separation force, and abrasion properties.
Objective and Methods
This review focuses on comparative data in nonhuman primates and humans in relation to signaling secondary sex characteristics (SSC), sexual behavior, and neurophysiology of ...sexuality during the female cycle.
Results
In monkeys and apes no clear distinction can be drawn between sex as a reproductive, social, or a pleasurable activity. Although female sexual behavior is not limited to a specific phase of the menstrual cycle, changes in body morphology and in behavior and psychology (for example, in feeding, risk taking, and mood) can occur across the cycle. In human and nonhuman primates, homologous biological mechanisms including specific areas of the brain, sex steroids, and receptors are involved in regulating female sexuality. Important aspects of this regulation include the interaction between the subcortical reward system and the social brain network and its projection to the prefrontal cortex. In humans, females advertise SSC permanently after the onset of puberty, but without significant changes across the cycle, whereas in other primate species, female sexual signaling can vary significantly across cycle stages and in fertile and non-fertile phases of the life cycle.
Conclusion
A great deal is now known about the regulation of female sexuality in primates and the use of sexual signals in terms of their variable expression and their information content for males. Human research has also elucidated the cultural mechanisms through which women communicate about their sexuality, including clothes and make-up. A full understanding of female sexuality in humans, therefore, requires knowledge of culture-biology interactions.
The plantar surface of the human foot transmits the weight and dynamic force of the owner's lower limbs to the ground and the reaction forces back to the musculoskeletal system. Its anatomical ...variation is intensely studied in such fields as sports medicine and orthopedic dysmorphology. Yet, strangely, the shape of the insole that accommodates this surface and elastically buffers these forces is neither an aspect of the conventional anthropometrics of feet nor an informative label on the packet that markets supplementary insoles. In this paper we pursue an earlier suggestion that insole form in vertical view be quantified in terms of the shape of the foot not at the plane of support (the "footprint") but some two millimeters above that level. Using such sections extracted from laser scans of 158 feet of adult women from the University of Zagreb, in conjunction with an appropriate modification of today's standard geometric morphometrics (GMM), we find that the sectioned form can be described by its size together with two meaningful relative warps of shape. The pattern of this shape variation is not novel. It is closely aligned with two of the standard footprint measurements, the Chippaux-Šmiřák arch index and the Clarke arch angle, whose geometrical foci (the former in the ball of the foot, the latter in the arch) it apparently combines. Thus a strong contemporary analysis complements but does not supplant the simpler anthropometric analyses of half a century ago, with implications for applied anthropology.
The relationship of geometric morphometrics (GMM) to functional analysis of the same morphological resources is currently a topic of active interest among functional morphologists. Although GMM is ...typically advertised as free of prior assumptions about shape features or morphological theories, it is common for GMM findings to be concordant with findings from studies based on a-priori lists of shape features whenever prior insights or theories have been properly accounted for in the study design. The present paper demonstrates this happy possibility by revisiting a previously published GMM analysis of footprint outlines for which there is also functionally relevant information in the form of a-pri-ori foot measurements. We show how to convert the conventional measurements into the language of shape, thereby affording two parallel statistical analyses. One is the classic multivariate analysis of "shape features", the other the equally classic GMM of semilandmark coordinates. In this example, the two data sets, analyzed by protocols that are remarkably different in both their geometry and their algebra, nevertheless result in one common biometrical summary: wearing high heels is bad for women inasmuch as it leads to the need for orthotic devices to treat the consequently flattened arch. This concordance bears implications for other branches of applied anthropology. To carry out a good biomedical analysis of applied anthropometric data it may not matter whether one uses GMM or instead an adequate assortment of conventional measurements. What matters is whether the conventional measurements have been selected in order to match the natural spectrum of functional variation.
The relationship of geometric morphometrics (GMM) to functional analysis of the same morphological resources is currently a topic of active interest among functional morphologists. Although GMM is ...typically advertised as free of prior assumptions about shape features or morphological theories, it is common for GMM findings to be concordant with findings from studies based on a-priori lists of shape features whenever prior insights or theories have been properly accounted for in the study design. The present paper demonstrates this happy possibility by revisiting a previously published GMM analysis of footprint outlines for which there is also functionally relevant information in the form of a-pri-ori foot measurements. We show how to convert the conventional measurements into the language of shape, thereby affording two parallel statistical analyses. One is the classic multivariate analysis of "shape features", the other the equally classic GMM of semilandmark coordinates. In this example, the two data sets, analyzed by protocols that are remarkably different in both their geometry and their algebra, nevertheless result in one common biometrical summary: wearing high heels is bad for women inasmuch as it leads to the need for orthotic devices to treat the consequently flattened arch. This concordance bears implications for other branches of applied anthropology. To carry out a good biomedical analysis of applied anthropometric data it may not matter whether one uses GMM or instead an adequate assortment of conventional measurements. What matters is whether the conventional measurements have been selected in order to match the natural spectrum of functional variation.
Za projektiranje i izradu funkcionalne i udobne obuće dobre pristalosti, od iznimne je važnosti poznavanje morfologije stopala. Razvoj tehnologija trodimenzionalnog skeniranja ljudskog tijela i ...osobnih računala omogućio je primjenu novih metoda analize podataka primjenom empirijskog i teorijskog znanja u antropologiji, statistici ali i odjevnoj i obućarskoj tehnologiji. Cilj je proučiti bilateralnu simetriju složenog ljudskog stopala izabrane studentske populacije mladih djevojaka primjenom geometrijske morfometrije, koja je u posljednjih tridesetak godina postala osnovni pravac istraživanja u području morfometrije. Primjenom postavljene metodologije, ova metoda uspoređuje tjelesne oblike na osnovu postavljenih točaka na anatomskim obilježjima. U radu su ispitane antropometrijske osobine tijela i stopala s ciljem grafičkog prikazivanja građe stopala za odabrani uzorak koje mogu imati široku primjenu u praksi. Rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju da postoji varijabilnost morfoloških karakteristika stopala i opravdana je potreba za daljnjim istraživanjima varijacija u obliku i veličini stopala.
Background
Most published attempts to quantify footprint shape are based on a small number of measurements. We applied geometric morphometric methods to study shape variation of the complete ...footprint outline in a sample of 83 adult women.
Methods
The outline of the footprint, including the toes, was represented by a comprehensive set of 85 landmarks and semilandmarks. Shape coordinates were computed by Generalized Procrustes Analysis.
Results
The first four principal components represented the major axes of variation in foot morphology: low‐arched versus high‐arched feet, long and narrow versus short and wide feet, the relative length of the hallux, and the relative length of the forefoot. These shape features varied across the measured individuals without any distinct clusters or discrete types of footprint shape. A high body mass index (BMI) was associated with wide and flat feet, and a high frequency of wearing high‐heeled shoes was associated with a larger forefoot area of the footprint and a relatively long hallux. Larger feet had an increased length‐to‐width ratio of the footprint, a lower‐arched foot, and longer toes relative to the remaining foot. Footprint shape differed on average between left and right feet, and the variability of footprint asymmetry increased with BMI.
Conclusions
Foot shape is affected by lifestyle factors even in a sample of young women (median age 23 years). Geometric morphometrics proved to be a powerful tool for the detailed analysis of footprint shape that is applicable in various scientific disciplines, including forensics, orthopedics, and footwear design.
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