The intestine plays a pivotal role in nutrient absorption and host defense against pathogens, orchestrated in part by antimicrobial peptides secreted by Paneth cells. Among these peptides, lysozyme ...has multifaceted functions beyond its bactericidal activity. Here, we uncover the intricate relationship between intestinal lysozyme, the gut microbiota, and host metabolism. Lysozyme deficiency in mice led to altered body weight, energy expenditure, and substrate utilization, particularly on a high-fat diet. Interestingly, these metabolic benefits were linked to changes in the gut microbiota composition. Cohousing experiments revealed that the metabolic effects of lysozyme deficiency were microbiota-dependent. 16S rDNA sequencing highlighted differences in microbial communities, with
(OTU60) highly enriched in lysozyme knockout mice. Subsequently, a novel bacterium,
, corresponding to
(OTU60), was isolated. Metabolomic analysis revealed that
secreted high levels of NAD
, potentially influencing host metabolism. This study sheds light on the complex interplay between intestinal lysozyme, the gut microbiota, and host metabolism, uncovering the potential role of
as a key player in modulating metabolic outcomes.
The impact of intestinal lumen lysozyme on intestinal health is complex, arising from its multifaceted interactions with the gut microbiota. Lysozyme can both mitigate and worsen certain health conditions, varying with different scenarios. This underscores the necessity of identifying the specific bacterial responses elicited by lysozyme and understanding their molecular foundations. Our research reveals that a deficiency in intestinal lysozyme1 may offer protection against diet-induced obesity by altering bacterial populations. We discovered a strain of bacterium,
, which secretes NAD
and is predominantly found in lyz1-deficient mice.
demonstrates positive effects in both
and mouse models of ataxia telangiectasia. This study sheds light on the intricate role of lysozyme in influencing intestinal health.
Abstract Data encryption is an essential building block in modern electronic systems to prevent spying and hacking. Every day more and more objects produce electronic data, and this needs to be ...encrypted before being transmitted. Hence, designing devices, circuits, and systems for data encryption that can be integrated in all kinds of objects and that consume low amounts of energy is highly necessary. Here, this work reports the fabrication of flexible and transparent electronic circuits consisting of devices that exhibit threshold‐type resistive switching with a high degree of stochasticity. The cycle‐to‐cycle variability of switching voltages and state currents is significant but confined within a well‐defined range, which is consistent across multiple devices. This allows to design an efficient protocol for true random number generation. The circuits are fabricated with only synthetic 2D materials, can be fabricated in a scalable manner, and can be integrated in any object.
Soft electronics are comprised of stretchable and user-friendly components that mechanically conform to complex surfaces and epidermis, extending their applicability over commercial electronics. ...Vibration sensors that detect operation conditions of common motions generally rely on rigid materials or tedious fabrications. Here, a fully soft self-powered vibration sensor (SSVS) engineered by laser-assisted fabrication is proposed. Different from its rigid counterparts, the device is constructed with entirely ductile materials including a liquid metal kernel and an elastic shell. Furthermore, laser direct writing elaborates intricate patterns and functional surfaces of SSVS in a rapid and mask-free manner. A ubiquitous IR laser combined with an origami-inspired transfer creates arbitrary out-of-plane electrodes on soft media, while a pulsed UV laser judiciously tunes nonstick microstructures to the liquid metal droplet. To demonstrate the capability on curved surfaces, the SSVS is interfaced with an exhaust silencer of an air compressor and detects failures of screw connection. Additionally, a cap reinforced by SSVS with wireless transmission is devised for motion monitoring, which effectively distinguishes slip from walking, jumping and running. This work affords promising routes toward monitoring complex machinery and remote guardianship for the vulnerable populations.
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•The proposed self-powered vibration sensor is composed of fully soft materials.•Laser direct writing creates conductive media as well as textured non-adhesive surfaces to the droplet vibration kernel.•Case studies for the sensor show its potential to work on curved machines and track the intensity of human activities.
A major challenge in understanding vertebrate embryogenesis is the lack of topographical transcriptomic information that can help correlate microenvironmental cues within the hierarchy of cell-fate ...decisions. Here, we employed Stereo-seq to profile 91 zebrafish embryo sections covering six critical time points during the first 24 h of development, obtaining a total of 152,977 spots at a resolution of 10 × 10 × 15 μm3 (close to cellular size) with spatial coordinates. Meanwhile, we identified spatial modules and co-varying genes for specific tissue organizations. By performing the integrated analysis of the Stereo-seq and scRNA-seq data from each time point, we reconstructed the spatially resolved developmental trajectories of cell-fate transitions and molecular changes during zebrafish embryogenesis. We further investigated the spatial distribution of ligand-receptor pairs and identified potentially important interactions during zebrafish embryo development. Our study constitutes a fundamental reference for further studies aiming to understand vertebrate development.
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•Stereo-seq is used to generate a ZESTA•Co-varying spatial gene modules reveal the interactions between functional regions•Integration of Stereo-seq and scRNA-seq builds spatial developmental trajectories•Spatiotemporal ligand-receptor dynamics provides insights to regulatory mechanisms
Liu et al. employ Stereo-seq to dissect the spatiotemporal transcriptomic dynamics in developing zebrafish embryos. This study provides a spatially resolved resource for the research of vertebrate embryogenesis and also helps to uncover how molecular and cellular interactions contribute to zebrafish embryogenesis.
Vertebrate embryogenesis is a remarkable process, during which numerous cell types of different lineages arise within a short time frame. An overwhelming challenge to understand this process is the ...lack of dynamic chromatin accessibility information to correlate cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and gene expression within the hierarchy of cell fate decisions. Here, we employed single-nucleus ATAC-seq to generate a chromatin accessibility dataset on the first day of zebrafish embryogenesis, including 3.3 hpf, 5.25 hpf, 6 hpf, 10 hpf, 12 hpf, 18 hpf and 24 hpf, obtained 51,620 high-quality nuclei and 23 clusters. Furthermore, by integrating snATAC-seq data with single-cell RNA-seq data, we described the dynamics of chromatin accessibility and gene expression across developmental time points, which validates the accuracy of the chromatin landscape data. Together, our data could serve as a fundamental resource for revealing the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of zebrafish embryogenesis.
Robotic research encounters a significant hurdle when it comes to the intricate task of grasping objects that come in various shapes, materials, and textures. Unlike many prior investigations that ...heavily leaned on specialized point-cloud cameras or abundant RGB visual data to gather 3D insights for object-grasping missions, this paper introduces a pioneering approach called RGBGrasp. This method depends on a limited set of RGB views to perceive the 3D surroundings containing transparent and specular objects and achieve accurate grasping. Our method utilizes pre-trained depth prediction models to establish geometry constraints, enabling precise 3D structure estimation, even under limited view conditions. Finally, we integrate hash encoding and a proposal sampler strategy to significantly accelerate the 3D reconstruction process. These innovations significantly enhance the adaptability and effectiveness of our algorithm in real-world scenarios. Through comprehensive experimental validations, we demonstrate that RGBGrasp achieves remarkable success across a wide spectrum of object-grasping scenarios, establishing it as a promising solution for real-world robotic manipulation tasks. The demonstrations of our method can be found on: https://sites.google.com/view/rgbgrasp
A novel Cu-containing alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steel was annealed at 1080°C and 1230°C following the same treatments. Annealing at different temperatures renders different ...microstructure and properties of the AFA steels. In comparison to alloy A1080, the grain size of alloy A1230 after annealing is larger and the high temperature properties of A1230 is better, i.e. higher strain hardening ability and longer creep/rupture life at 700°C. Coherent L12-ordered precipitates of 10–20nm appear in both alloys and the amount of nanoscale MC precipitates is obviously higher in alloy A1230. Evidence of L12-ordered precipitates cut by dislocation and dislocation pinned by MC precipitates is clearly shown. The precipitation behavior of MC carbides agrees with the calculated Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) curves. The results show that nanoscale MC precipitates formed during creep testing contribute to the longer creep/rupture life of alloy A1230.
•The AFA alloy annealed at 1230°C yields better properties at 700°C than alloy A1080.•Dislocations can cut L12-ordered precipitates and be pinned by MC precipitates.•Nanoscale precipitates formed during creep testing are crucial to creep/rupture life.
Combinations of graphene (Gr) and carbon black (C) were employed as binary carbon supports to fabricate Pd-based electrocatalysts via one-pot co-reduction with Pd2+. The electrocatalytic performance ...of the resulting Pd/Gr-C catalysts during the electrooxidation of formic acid was assessed. A Pd/Gr0.3C0.7 (Gr oxide:C = 3:7, based on the precursor mass ratio) electrocatalyst exhibited better catalytic performance than both Pd/C and Pd/Gr catalysts. The current density generated by the Pd/Gr0.3C0.7 catalyst was as high as 102.14 mA mgPd−1, a value that is approximately 3 times that obtained from the Pd/C (34.40 mA mgPd−1) and 2.6 times that of the Pd/Gr material (38.50 mA mgPd−1). The anodic peak potential of the Pd/Gr0.3C0.7 was 120 mV more negative than that of the Pd/C and 70 mV more negative than that of the Pd/Gr. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the spherical C particles accumulated on the wrinkled graphene surfaces to form C cluster/Gr hybrids having three-dimensional nanostructures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data confirmed the interaction between the Pd metal and the binary Gr-C support. The Pd/Gr0.3C0.7 also exhibited high stability, and so is a promising candidate for the fabrication of anodes for direct formic acid fuel cells. This work demonstrates a simple and cost-effective method for improving the performance of Pd-based electrocatalysts, which should have potential industrial applications.
Composite catalysts consisting of Pd loaded on binary graphene/carbon black supports were synthesized by a reduction method. These materials exhibit better electrocatalytic performance than either Pd/carbon black or Pd/graphene catalysts, suggesting a new approach to binary carbon supports for noble metal-based catalysts with fuel cell applications.
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