Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) participate in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and early immunity against infection. It is unclear how ILCs acquire effector function and whether these mechanisms ...differ between organs. Through multiplexed single-cell mRNA sequencing, we identified cKit
CD127
TCF-1
early differentiation stages of T-bet
ILC1s. These cells were present across different organs and had the potential to mature toward CD127
TCF-1
and CD127
TCF-1
ILC1s. Paralleling a gradual loss of TCF-1, differentiating ILC1s forfeited their expansion potential while increasing expression of effector molecules, reminiscent of T cell differentiation in secondary lymphoid organs. The transcription factor Hobit was induced in TCF-1
ILC1s and was required for their effector differentiation. These findings reveal sequential mechanisms of ILC1 lineage commitment and effector differentiation that are conserved across tissues. Our analyses suggest that ILC1s emerge as TCF-1
cells in the periphery and acquire a spectrum of organ-specific effector phenotypes through a uniform Hobit-dependent differentiation pathway driven by local cues.
Conservation laws are deeply related to any symmetry present in a physical system
. Analogously to electrons in atoms exhibiting spin symmetries
, it is possible to consider neutrons and protons in ...the atomic nucleus as projections of a single fermion with an isobaric spin (isospin) of t = 1/2 (ref.
). Every nuclear state is thus characterized by a total isobaric spin T and a projection T
-two quantities that are largely conserved in nuclear reactions and decays
. A mirror symmetry emerges from this isobaric-spin formalism: nuclei with exchanged numbers of neutrons and protons, known as mirror nuclei, should have an identical set of states
, including their ground state, labelled by their total angular momentum J and parity π. Here we report evidence of mirror-symmetry violation in bound nuclear ground states within the mirror partners strontium-73 and bromine-73. We find that a J
= 5/2
spin assignment is needed to explain the proton-emission pattern observed from the T = 3/2 isobaric-analogue state in rubidium-73, which is identical to the ground state of strontium-73. Therefore the ground state of strontium-73 must differ from its J
= 1/2
mirror bromine-73. This observation offers insights into charge-symmetry-breaking forces acting in atomic nuclei.
Delineating the association of age and cortical thickness in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behavior. Previous research has shown that ...robust estimates of the association between age and brain morphometry require large‐scale studies. In response, we used cross‐sectional data from 17,075 individuals aged 3–90 years from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to infer age‐related changes in cortical thickness. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to quantify the association between age and cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Interindividual variability was estimated using meta‐analysis and one‐way analysis of variance. For most regions, their highest cortical thickness value was observed in childhood. Age and cortical thickness showed a negative association; the slope was steeper up to the third decade of life and more gradual thereafter; notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar, and anterior cingulate cortices. Interindividual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results may form the basis of further investigation on normative deviation in cortical thickness and its significance for behavioral and cognitive outcomes.
We used cross‐sectional data from 17,075 individuals aged 3–90 years from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to infer age‐related changes in cortical thickness.
Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These ...limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age‐related trajectories inferred from cross‐sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3–90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter‐individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age‐related morphometric patterns.
We analyzed subcortical volumes from 18,605 healthy individuals from multiple cross‐sectional cohorts to infer age‐related trajectories between the ages of 3 and 90 years.
For many traits, males show greater variability than females, with possible implications for understanding sex differences in health and disease. Here, the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics ...through Meta‐Analysis) Consortium presents the largest‐ever mega‐analysis of sex differences in variability of brain structure, based on international data spanning nine decades of life. Subcortical volumes, cortical surface area and cortical thickness were assessed in MRI data of 16,683 healthy individuals 1‐90 years old (47% females). We observed significant patterns of greater male than female between‐subject variance for all subcortical volumetric measures, all cortical surface area measures, and 60% of cortical thickness measures. This pattern was stable across the lifespan for 50% of the subcortical structures, 70% of the regional area measures, and nearly all regions for thickness. Our findings that these sex differences are present in childhood implicate early life genetic or gene‐environment interaction mechanisms. The findings highlight the importance of individual differences within the sexes, that may underpin sex‐specific vulnerability to disorders.
Severely injured patients undergoing damage-control laparotomy (DCL) have multiple risk factors for adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), making it challenging to differentiate the ...contributions of individual causative factors. We aimed to determine the relative contributions of ARDS risk factors.
Analysis of the prospectively collected American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Multi-institutional Open Abdomen Database was performed. Inclusion criteria were any patient, 18 years or older, undergoing DCL at 1 of 14 participating Level I trauma centers. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the association of variables with the development of ARDS during hospitalization.
A total of 563 patients (78% men; mean SD age, 40 18 years) were identified, of whom 77 developed ARDS (14%). Overall mortality was 23%, with a 39% mortality rate for ARDS patients. Univariable analysis demonstrated that Injury Severity Score (ISS, 1.03; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.02-1.05), intraoperative (IO) estimated blood loss (hazard ratio HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.13), IO plasma transfusion (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10-1.25), 24-hour colloid volume (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.10), and 24-hour crystalloid volume (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.01) were associated with the development of ARDS. Cox multivariable analysis demonstrated that ISS, IO plasma transfusions, and total fluid balance through 23 hours all increased the risk of ARDS development.
Severity of injury, plasma transfusions, and greater fluid administration by 24 hours were independently associated with ARDS development. Judicious use of plasma and other fluids may reduce rates of ARDS in this critically injured population.
Prognostic study, level III; therapeutic study, level IV.
Nuclei in the vicinity of the N=Z line provide many sensitive probes of isospin symmetry. One example concerns the character and sequence of low-lying states of the T=1/2 mirror pair 71Kr and 71Br ...which has been under debate for several decades. In this paper we report a new measurement of the absolute β-branching to ground and excited states which, taken with our precise lifetime of T1/2=94.9(4) ms , gives a superallowed ground state–to–ground state log (ft) value of 3.64(4). This is only consistent with both 71Br and 71Kr having the same spin and parity, Jπ=5/2–, as expected from mirror symmetry. The β-delayed proton emission to the first-excited state in 70Se was observed for the first time which also strongly supports this assignment.
We find that the proton separation energy, S(p), of 73Rb is –640(40) keV, deduced from the observation of β-delayed ground-state protons following the decay of 73Sr. This lower-limit determination of ...the proton separation energy of 73Rb coupled with previous upper limits from nonobservation, provides a full constraint on the mass excess with ΔM (73Rb) = –46.01 ± 0.04 MeV. With this new mass excess and the excitation energy of the Jπ = 5/2– isobaric-analog state (T = 3/2) in 73Rb, an improved constraint can be put on the mass excess of 73Sr using the isobaric-multiplet mass equation (IMME), and we find ΔM(73Sr) = –31.98 ± 0.37 MeV. Furthermore, these new data were then used to study the composition of ashes on accreting neutron stars following Type I x-ray bursts. Counterintuitively, we find that there should be an enhanced fraction of A > 102 nuclei with more negative proton separation energies at the 72Kr rp-process waiting point. Larger impurities of heavier nuclei in the ashes of accreting neutron stars will impact the cooling models for such astrophysical scenarios.
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