We present a case of simultaneous avulsion fracture of the insertion on the volar base of theproximal phalanx of the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the ...thumb. To our knowledge this combination has never been published before. The mechanism of this injury is not clearly understood.
3‐Bromo‐1‐methyl‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridine(N−B)borane (7) was prepared from 3‐bromopyridine by conversion to 3‐bromo‐1‐methylpyridinium iodide, hydrogenation of the latter with sodium ...tetrahydroborate and treatment of the resulting 3‐bromo‐1‐methyl‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridine (6) with borane−dimethyl sulfide. Whereas no trapping product of the possible intermediate 1‐methyl‐1‐azacyclohexa‐2,3‐diene (4) could be observed on treatment of 6 with potassium tert‐butoxide in the presence of furan, the subjection of 7 to the same conditions produced the hexahydroepoxyquinoline derivatives 8a−c. Treatment of 7, dissolved in styrene, with sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide furnished the hexahydrocyclobutapyridine derivatives 9a−c. The six‐membered cycloallene 1‐methyl‐1‐azacyclohexa‐2,3‐diene(N−B)borane (10) must be regarded as the key intermediate en route to 8 and 9.
We present a case of simultaneous avulsion fracture of the insertion on the volar base of the proximal phalanx of the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the ...thumb. To our knowledge this combination has never been published before. The mechanism of this injury is not clearly understood. (c) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd Copyright 2000 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons DOI: 10.1054/bjps.1999.3227.
Despite the thousands of lives lost during the ongoing opioid crisis, a scarcity of new and effective clinical treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) remains. To address this unmet need, some ...researchers have turned to dissociative and psychedelic drugs to treat multiple psychiatric conditions. In particular, low doses of ketamine have been shown to attenuate opioid withdrawal and drug use in clinical and preclinical studies. However, ketamine has misuse liability and dissociative side effects that may limit its widespread application as a treatment for OUD. More recently, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), a ketamine metabolite that lacks misuse potential, has gained attention for its effectiveness in depression and stress models. To uncover its role in OUD, we tested the time-dependent effects of (2R,6R)-HNK on oxycodone withdrawal and reinstatement of oxycodone conditioned place preference (CPP). In male and female oxycodone-dependent mice, we found that 24h pretreatment with (2R,6R)-HNK (10 or 30mg/kg, s.c.) reduced the frequency of withdrawal-like behaviors and global withdrawal scores during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, whereas 1h pretreatment with (2R,6R)-HNK only reduced paw tremors and the sum of global withdrawal scores but not GWS Z-scores. In other experiments, both 1h and 24h pretreatment with (2R,6R)-HNK (30mg/kg, s.c.) blocked drug-induced reinstatement of oxycodone CPP. Finally, we found (2R,6R)-HNK (30mg/kg, sc) had no effect on locomotor activity and thigmotaxis. Together, these results indicate that acute (2R,6R)-HNK has efficacy in some preclinical models of OUD without producing locomotor or anxiety-like side effects.
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•24h pretreatment with (2R,6R)-HNK attenuated naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in oxycodone-dependent mice.•1h pretreatment with (2R,6R)-HNK had limited effects on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in oxycodone-dependent mice.•1h and 24 pretreatments with (2R,6R)-HNK reduced drug-primed reinstatement of oxycodone CPP.•(2R,6R)-HNK did not alter locomotor activity or thigmotaxis.
This article considers linear models with a spatial autoregressive error structure. Extending Arnold and Wied
(2010)
, who develop an improved generalized method of moment (GMM) estimator for the ...parameters of the disturbance process to reduce the bias of existing estimation approaches, we establish the asymptotic normality of a new weighted version of this improved estimator and derive the efficient weighting matrix. We also show that this efficiently weighted GMM estimator is feasible as long as the regression matrix of the underlying linear model is non stochastic and illustrate the performance of the new estimator by a Monte Carlo simulation and an application to real data.
Numerous studies have been devoted to the causes of craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD). This investigation addressed the effect of class III malocclusion and crossbite on CMD based on a sample of ...115 prepubertal and adolescent patients of both sexes. Although class III malocclusion only accounted for 12.2% of the total sample, thus, being the smallest group, the percentage of crossbite (71.4%) among these patients was disproportionately higher than among the other classes. Of the total sample, the prevalence of crossbite was 30.4%. We compared these findings to a large-scale (n=4727) study by Thilander et al. (2002), who reported a strikingly high percentage of class I patients compared to our findings (72.7% versus 27.8%) and a lower percentage of crossbite cases (8.0% versus 30.4%). In accordance with the “orthodontic risk child” concept by Grabowski et al. (2007) and Stahl et al. (2007), we conclude that class III malocclusion and crossbite are keys in the pathogenesis of CMD.
The active transport of Krebs cycle intermediates, such as succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and citrate, is mediated by sodium-coupled transporters found in the luminal (NaDC-1) and basolateral plasma ...membranes (NaDC-3) of proximal tubule cells. This study used the two-electrode voltage clamp technique to examine steady-state currents associated with the influx of three sodium ions and one divalent dicarboxylate into oocytes expressing the sodium-dicarboxylate transporter from winter flounder kidney, fNaDC-3. The substrate concentration, where half-maximal current was observed (K(0.5)), was 30 micro M for succinate. Besides 2,2-dimethylsuccinate, fNaDC-3 also accepted 2,3-dimethylsuccinate and the oral lead-chelating agent, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate (DMSA or Succimer). Whereas the K(0.5) for succinate and 2,2-dimethylsuccinate was independent of membrane voltage within -90 and -10 mV, K(0.5) for 2,3-dimethylsuccinate and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinate increased with decreasing voltage, indicating a critical role of the position of the methyl- or sulfhydryl-group in voltage-sensitive affinity. In addition to meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate, fNaDC-3 translocated dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate (DMPS or Dimaval), an oral chelator for the treatment of mercury intoxication. The chelates formed by HgCl(2) and DMSA or DMPS and by Pb(NO(3))(2) and DMSA, however, were not translocated by fNaDC-3. The data suggest that NaDC-3 is an essential component in the delivery of uncomplexed antidotes for renal heavy metal detoxification.
Aim:
Occasionally, undesirable post-surgical symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and pain have been observed. The aim of this paper is to show how often and to which degree TMJ pathologies ...occur in orthognathic surgery candidates before surgery, making it recommendable to consider these TMJ pathologies during treatment planning.
Patients and Methods:
Between 2002 and 2004, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the TMJ were made in 58 randomly chosen orthognathic surgery patients. 69% of the patients were female, 31% were male. Age averaged 31.6 years (16–61 years). Gender and malocclusion (Class I, II and III) were looked at during analysis of the data (n = 58 patients, n = 116 TMJs). MRI scans were made at the beginning of treatment. We wanted to investigate the TMJ condition before surgery.
Results:
The largest patients group of this study were the female Class II patients (n = 25). Most patients displayed an Angle Class II (53.4%). The Class III patients followed (32.8%). A Class I molar relationship was found in 13.8% of the studied patients. A similar distribution could be observed in the parameters we studied: 1. condyle (position, degeneration), 2. disc (position, degeneration, prolapse and reduction).
76% of the TMJs (66.7%) showed dorsocranial condylar displacement. 26 of the 114 studied condyles (22.8%) were dorsally displaced. 108 of the studied joints (94.7%) showed condylar displacement. In 31 TMJs (28,4%) we found moderate, in 25 joints (22.9%) severe and in 26 joints (23.9%) we observed slight condylar degeneration. Most discs were displaced ventrally (31%). 22 of the studied 113 discs (19.5%) were displaced medially. 93% of the studied discs were not positioned correctly. 58 of the studied discs (58.6%) displayed flattening, in 8 (8%) we observed both flattening and disc adhesions. Two each of the studied TMJs had discs with perforations and adhesions or only perforations. In 57 (50.4%) of the studied discs we observed partial disc prolapse. Disc prolapse was total in 42.5% (n = 48 TMJs) of the TMJs. Eight TMJs (7%) of the 113 TMJs we analyzed showed no disc prolapse. Disc reduction was total in 71 (62.8%) of the studied TMJs. 15% (n = 17 TMJs) showed a partially reduced disc. 25 (22.1%) of the studied joints showed no disc reduction.
Conclusion:
Apparently, MRI scans of the TMJ are necessary in almost all potential orthognathic surgery patients to achieve optimal surgical results. Female Class II patients recruited the largest patient group among the studied collective. It is this group that deserves the greatest caution before and after surgery (TMJ pathologies!). In patients with jaw discrepancies, a TMJ examination should be made prior to surgery in order to be able to include the condition of the TMJs in the planning of treatment. This examination best includes Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Manual Functional Analysis (MFA).
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