Dragon fruit canker (DFC) disease caused by the fungus
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
poses a significant threat to yield and fruit quality in cultivating dragon fruit (
Hylocereus
spp.). Accurate ...assessment of canker severity is crucial for determining the effectiveness of management strategies for controlling this disease. We developed a standard area diagram set (SADs) consisting of nine levels of disease severity (0.5 to 60%) and subsequently validated the SADs based on the patterns and distribution of the symptoms. For the validation, eighteen raters with no prior experience in disease assessment were recruited to estimate the severity of canker symptoms on 50 stems/cladodes of dragon fruit before and after using SADs. Both accuracy and precision were improved when they used the SADs. Statistical parameters for the 18 raters were as follows: bias coefficient factor (C
b
) without SADs = 0.791, with SADs = 0.982; correlation coefficient (
r
) without SADs = 0.884, with SADs = 0.918; Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (
ρ
c
) without SADs = 0.702, with SADs = 0.902. Estimates were also more reliable by using the SADs: inter-rater coefficient of determination (
R
2
) without SADs = 0.749, with SADs = 0.810. The newly developed SADs provide a practical, standardized tool for assessing dragon fruit canker severity, aiding researchers and growers in more accurate disease monitoring, yield loss estimation, intervention planning, and control measure evaluation.
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a standard area diagram set (SADs) to assess the severity of peach rust, caused by
Tranzschelia discolor
. The proposed SADs includes ten images of ...leaves with a range of severity (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%). The SADs was validated by 14 raters who had no experience in plant disease severity estimation. In the first step of the validation, the raters made severity estimates of 50 leaves with a range of rust severity without using SADs. In the second step, the same raters estimated severity of rust on the same 50 leaves using the SADs to aid estimation. Lin’s concordance correlation analysis showed that both precision and accuracy improved when the raters used the SADs compared to the assessments made without SADs. Accuracy, as measured by the coefficient of bias (
C
b
) improved from 0.70 to 0.98, without and with SADs, respectively, and precision measured by the correlation coefficient (
r
) improved from 0.85 to 0.90, without and with SADs, respectively. Overall agreement, measured by Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (
ρ
c
), improved from 0.59 to 0.88 without and with SADs, respectively. Furthermore, estimates were more reliable when using SADs: the coefficient of determination (R
2
) was 0.60 without and 0.73 with SADs; and the intra-class correlation coefficient (
ρ
) was 0.72 without, and 0.86 with SADs. Thus, the use of SADs improved the precision, accuracy and reliability of visual estimates of severity of peach rust.
Brazil is the second-largest global iron ore producer in the world. Consequently, a large volume of iron ore tailings (IOTs) is generated, which is associated with environmental impacts. IOTs present ...potential to be used as an addition in cementitious compounds, however, few studies assess how the heterogeneity of this waste can limit its utilization as a building material. Thus, the present study aims to assess whether the heterogeneity of IOTs influences mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties when added to the cementitious composite. Four IOTs samples from different origins were collected and added to cementitious composite at 40% addition content. Composites’ mechanical (compressive strength and modulus of elasticity) and durability properties (water absorption, porosity, electrical resistivity, carbonation, and pH pore solution) were correlated to the microstructure of the IOTs. Results showed that the IOTs from different mines exhibited different physical properties and chemical/mineralogical compositions. Moreover, the higher the degree of ore processing, the lower the heterogeneity, iron content, and specific gravity. Although the IOT samples are heterogeneous, this type of tailing can be used as a filler addition in structural mortars. IOT addition tends to improve the mechanical and durability properties. Heterogeneity most significantly influenced the properties in the fresh state, durability, and microstructural properties. The microstructure of the cement matrix tends to be denser in the IOT-added with higher SSA and silica content. Was observed higher-porosity in regions close to the interfacial transition zone in the samples with coarser IOT.
Melanomas are tumors arising from externally uncontrolled melanocytes that produce varying amounts of melanin. In this study, we report a case of melanoma with neurological impairment without ...evidence of cutaneous neoplastic lesions in an adult buffalo in the state of Pará, Brazil. Clinically, the buffalo exhibited apathy, decreased mandibular tone, and occasionally an open mouth with motor incoordination, and eventually succumbed to the condition. Necropsy revealed multifocal tumor masses in the brain, pituitary gland, trigeminal ganglion, and spinal cord. The neoplastic cells showed strong positive signals for vimentin, Melan-A, PNL-2, and SOX10. The diagnosis was made via necropsy, histopathology, and positive immunostaining for Melan-A and PNL-2, which are specific markers for melanocyte identification.
Bacterial Meningitis in Buffaloes in Brazil Barbosa, José Diomedes; Bomjardim, Henrique Dos Anjos; Barbosa, Camila Cordeiro ...
Animals (Basel),
02/2024, Letnik:
14, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Meningitis is the inflammation of the membranes surrounding the central nervous system and is poorly described in water buffaloes. Five cases of meningitis in adults buffaloes of the Murrah and ...Mediterranean breads were studied. All buffaloes came from a farm located in the municipality of Castanhal, Pará, Brazil at different times. Clinical examination showed neurological clinical signs, such as apathy, reluctance to move, spastic paresis especially of the pelvic limbs, hypermetria, difficulty getting up, pressing of the head into obstacles and convulsion. In three buffaloes, a large part of the horn had been lost, exposing the corresponding frontal sinus, through which a bloody to purulent exudate flowed. The hemogram revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis. At necropsy, adherence of the dura mater to the periosteum and a purulent to fibrinopurulent exudate were observed in the sulci of the cerebral cortex and on the pia mater over almost the entire surface of the brain and throughout the spinal cord. The cerebrospinal fluid had a cloudy aspect with fibrin filaments. The histopathology of buffaloes confirmed the diagnosis of bacterial fibrinopurulent meningitis. Buffaloes are susceptible to bacterial inflammation of the meninges due to fractures of the base of the horn and mostly present with neurological manifestations.
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) causes severe necrotic leaf symptoms on Gala, the most cultivated apple cultivar in Brazil. To evaluate this disease, the standard area diagram set (SADs) developed on the ...state of Paraná for a leaf severity level up to 30.93% has been used. However, in samples collected in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, disease symptoms reach 75% of severity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and to validate new SADs that include higher GLS severity levels. The proposed SADs have 10 color images of diseased leaves with severity values ranging from 0.2 to 75%. These SADs were validated by 12 raters and have significantly improved the disease assessment. Therefore, it is believed that SADs developed in the present study will allow an adequate evaluation in regions or orchards where the disease is more severe.
Persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki L.) from commercial orchards located in southern Brazil, in Curitiba, Paraná, showed dark firm rot. The incidence in the field was about 2% in an evaluation in the ...2016 growing season, and from these infected fruit, three Phytophthora sp. isolates were obtained. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the causal agent of the disease through morphophysiological and molecular analysis of the isolates. Initially, the pathogenicity test was performed on persimmon fruit to fulfil Koch's postulates. Mycelial growth at eight temperatures ranging from 8°C to 35°C was evaluated for taxonomic purposes. Next, the morphological characteristics of sporangia, chlamydospores and oospores were evaluated. For molecular characterization, sequencing of the ITS‐rDNA region and portions of the COXI and TEF1α genes and phylogenetic analysis were performed. All isolates were pathogenic, causing symptoms of firm and dark rot similar to those observed in the orchards. Mycelial growth was not observed at 35°C. There was an abundant production of ellipsoid, papillate, deciduous sporangia with long pedicels and the formation of globose chlamydospores. The isolates were heterothallic, all belonging to group A1, in which the production of plerotic oospores with amphigenous antheridia was verified. The morphophysiological and molecular characterization allowed the identification of the isolates as Phytophthora tropicalis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of persimmon fruit rot caused by P. tropicalis.
In the last decades, the high incidence of viruses transmitted by whiteflies has become a problem in the tomato fields, threatening, more recently, the potato crops. The present study carried out a ...survey of begomoviruses and criniviruses in tomato and potato crops, from 2015 to 2018, in the municipalities of Araucária, Campo do Tenente, Campo Largo, Contenda, Lapa, Faxinal, Morretes, Reserva, Castro, Palmeira and São Mateus do Sul, in Paraná State, Brazil. Total DNA and RNA from leaves were extracted and used as templates to detect, respectively, begomoviruses by PCR and criniviruses by RT-PCR. Out of 215 tomato samples, 14 from Faxinal were infected by crinivirus. The other tomato samples and 243 potato samples showed negative results for begomovirus and crinivirus. Results indicated a low incidence (6.5%) of crinivirus infecting tomato crops in Paraná State, and the nucleotide sequence of one amplified fragment shared 99.71% identity with tomato chlorotic virus (ToCV).
RESUMO: Nas últimas décadas, a alta incidência de vírus transmitidos por mosca-branca tornou-se um problema nos campos de tomateiros, ameaçando, mais recentemente, a cultura da batateira. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento de begomovírus e crinivírus em lavouras de tomateiro e batateira nos municípios de Araucária, Campo do Tenente, Campo Largo, Contenda, Lapa, Faxinal, Morretes, Reserva, Castro, Palmeira e São Mateus do Sul, no Estado do Paraná, Brasil, de 2015 à 2018. DNA e RNA totais de folhas foram extraídos e utilizados como molde para detectar begomovírus por PCR e crinivírus por RT-PCR. Das 215 amostras de tomateiros coletadas, 14 provenientes de Faxinal estavam infectadas por crinivírus. As demais amostras de tomateiro e as 243 amostras de batateira analisadas apresentaram resultados negativo para begomovírus e crinivírus. Os resultados indicaram baixa incidência (6,5%) de crinivírus infectando lavouras de tomateiros no Estado do Paraná e a sequência de nucleotídeos de um amplicon apresentou 99,71% de identidade com o crinivírus tomato chlorotic virus (ToCV).
Apple blotch (
Marssonina coronaria
) is a foliar disease of increasing importance globally. Methods to quantify the disease and knowledge about epidemiology are required for new studies on the ...disease. The objectives of this study were to develop a standard area diagram set (SADs) to assess apple blotch severity and to describe the temporal progress of the disease under field conditions on older and younger leaves of two apple cultivars. For the development of SADs, symptomatic leaves were collected and scanned to obtain the actual severity. Based on the pattern of the disease, a SADs was elaborated and validated. Leaf severities were estimated without and with SADs by 12 raters to validate the tool. After validation, the SADs was used to assess apple blotch in older and younger leaves of selected shoots during the vegetative cycle of cvs. Eva and Gala. SADs severities ranged from 0.2 to 96%. Accuracy, precision, and reliability of the estimates were significantly improved when the SADs was used. In the field, the onset of apple blotch was in late spring and greater increases in severity occurred during summer. Rates of disease progress ranged from 0.09 to 0.13. Epidemics were different in older and younger leaves at the end of the apple vegetative cycle for both cultivars tested. Our work provided a tool for apple blotch quantification and described the disease progress curve under subtropical conditions, which can contribute as basis for future studies.
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