This paper critically appraised the published literature to determine the relationship between physical and social environmental features of neighbourhoods with child adiposity. MEDLINE, EMBASE, ...PsychINFO, and SCOPUS were searched from 1999 to July 2009 using a systematic search strategy. Twenty-seven primary studies were included based on a priori eligibility criteria. Socioeconomic disadvantage was consistently shown to increase child adiposity, while there was some evidence that high social capital protected against increased adiposity. It is unclear at this time if and how other neighbourhood environmental features play a role. Heterogeneity and methodological issues across studies limits our ability to draw overall conclusions.
This study evaluated effects of Positive Action, a school-based social-emotional and character development intervention, on indicators of positive youth development (PYD) among a sample of ...low-income, ethnic minority youth attending 14 urban schools. The study used a matched-pair, cluster-randomized controlled design at the school level. A multiple-measure self-report protocol assessed four key strengths and resources for PYD: self-concept, peer affiliations, ethics, and social skills. Students (n = 1170) were assessed from grades 3 to 8; the duration of the intervention, with drop-outs and late entrants was included in analyses. Growth curve analyses revealed evidence of favorable program effects on each of the four types of resources. The study contributes to PYD research by providing evidence for school-based interventions in low-income, urban contexts for ethnic minority youth.
Addition of the pendant amine ligand PNRP (PNRP = Ph2PCH2NRCH2PPh2; R = Me, Ph, n-Bu) to Mn(CO)5Br gives fac-Mn(PNRP)(CO)3Br. Photolysis of fac-Mn(PNRP)(CO)3Br with dppm dppm = ...1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane provides mixed bis(diphosphine) complexes, trans-Mn(PNRP)(dppm)(CO)(Br). Reaction of trans-Mn(PNRP)(dppm)(CO)(Br) with LiAlH4 leads to trans-Mn(PNRP)(dppm)(CO)(H), which has been characterized by crystallography. Mn(P2 PhN2 Bn)(dppm)(CO)(H) P2 PhN2 Bn = 1,5-diphenyl-3,7-dibenzyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane can be prepared in a similar manner; its structure has one chelate ring in a chair conformation and the second in a boat conformation. The boat-conformer ring directs the nitrogen of the ring toward the carbonyl ligand, and the N···C distance between one N of the P2 PhN2 Bn ligand and CO is 3.171(4) Å, indicating a weak interaction between the N of the pendant amine and the CO ligand. Reaction of NaBArF 4 (ArF = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) with Mn(P−P)(dppm)(CO)(Br) produces the cations Mn(P−P)(dppm)(CO)+. The crystal structure of Mn(PNMeP)(dppm)(CO)BArF 4 shows two very weak agostic interactions between C−H bonds on the phenyl ring and the Mn. The cationic complexes Mn(P−P)(dppm)(CO)+ react with H2 to form dihydrogen complexes Mn(H2)(P−P)(dppm)(CO)+ (K eq = 1−90 atm−1 in fluorobenzene, for a series of different P−P ligands). Similar equilibria with N2 produce Mn(N2)(P−P)(dppm)(CO)+ (K eq generally 1−3.5 atm−1 in fluorobenzene).
Purpose
Whether epinephrine or norepinephrine is preferable as the continuous intravenous vasopressor used to treat post-resuscitation shock is unclear. We assessed outcomes of patients with ...post-resuscitation shock after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to whether the continuous intravenous vasopressor used was epinephrine or norepinephrine.
Methods
We conducted an observational multicenter study of consecutive patients managed in 2011–2018 for post-resuscitation shock. The primary outcome was all-cause hospital mortality, and secondary outcomes were cardiovascular hospital mortality and unfavorable neurological outcome (Cerebral Performance Category 3–5). A multivariate regression analysis and a propensity score analysis were performed, as well as several sensitivity analyses.
Results
Of the 766 patients included in five hospitals, 285 (37%) received epinephrine and 481 (63%) norepinephrine. All-cause hospital mortality was significantly higher in the epinephrine group (OR 2.6; 95%CI 1.4–4.7;
P
= 0.002). Cardiovascular hospital mortality was also higher with epinephrine (aOR 5.5; 95%CI 3.0–10.3;
P
< 0.001), as was the proportion of patients with CPC of 3–5 at hospital discharge. Sensitivity analyses produced consistent results. The analysis involving adjustment on a propensity score to control for confounders showed similar findings (aOR 2.1; 95%CI 1.1–4.0;
P
= 0.02).
Conclusion
Among patients with post-resuscitation shock after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, use of epinephrine was associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular-specific mortality, compared with norepinephrine infusion. Until additional data become available, intensivists may want to choose norepinephrine rather than epinephrine for the treatment of post-resuscitation shock after OHCA.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated objects such as exosomes and microvesicles, released by many cell-types. Their presence in body fluids and the variable surface composition and ...content render them attractive potential biomarkers. The ability to determine their cellular origin could greatly move the field forward. We used multiplex proximity extension assays (PEA) to identify with high specificity and sensitivity the protein profiles of exosomes of different origins, including seven cell lines and two different body fluids. By comparing cells and exosomes, we successfully identified the cells originating the exosomes. Furthermore, by principal component analysis of protein patterns human milk EVs and prostasomes released from prostate acinar cells clustered with cell lines from breast and prostate tissues, respectively. Milk exosomes uniquely expressed CXCL5, MIA, and KLK6, whereas prostasomes carried NKX31, GSTP1, and SRC, highlighting that EVs originating from different origins express distinct proteins. In conclusion, PEA provides a powerful protein screening tool in exosome research, for purposes of identifying the cell source of exosomes, or new biomarkers in diseases such as cancer and inflammation.
The hydride complex Pt(dmpe)2H+ (dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) reversibly transfers H- to the rhenium carbonyl complex CpRe(PMe3)(NO)(CO)+, giving the formyl CpRe(PMe3)(NO)(CHO). From the ...equilibrium constant for the hydride transfer (16.2), the ΔG° for the reaction was determined (−1.6 kcal/mol), as was the hydride-donating ability of the formyl (44.1 kcal/mol). The hydride-donating ability, ΔG°H − , is defined as the energy required to release the hydride ion into solution by the formyl complex i.e. M(CHO) → M(CO)+ + H-. Subsequently, the hydride-donating ability of a series of formyl complexes was determined, ranging from 44 to 55 kcal/mol. With use of this information, two rhenium carbonyl complexes, CpRe(NO)(CO)2+and Cp*Re(NO)(CO)2+, were hydrogenated to formyls, employing Pt(dmpp)22+ and Proton-Sponge. Finally, the E 1/2(I/0) values for five rhenium carbonyl complexes were measured by cyclic voltammetry. Combined with the known ΔG°H − values for the complexes, the hydrogen atom donating abilities could be determined. These values were all found to be approximately 50 kcal/mol.
Repertoire matching occurs when one songbird replies to another with a song type that the two birds share. Repertoire matching has previously been demonstrated to occur at well above chance levels in ...a western population of song sparrows, where it is hypothesized to serve as a low level threat in a hierarchy of aggressive signals. Here we test for repertoire matching in an eastern population of song sparrows. Previous work indicates that this eastern population differs from the western one in having lower levels of song sharing between neighboring males and in showing no association between song sharing and territory tenure. Here we confirm that males in this eastern population on average share few whole songs with their neighbors. The eastern males are familiar with their neighbors’ repertoires, as evidenced by a stronger singing response to stranger song than to neighbor song. Males in the eastern population did not repertoire match: when played an unshared song type from a specific neighbor, they did not reply with a song type shared with that neighbor more often than expected by chance or more often than in response to playback of a control song (an unshared stranger song). The results thus demonstrate a qualitative difference in vocal signaling strategies between two populations of the same species.
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