There is a widespread belief that the initial period of running an economic entity can be critical, due to the limited experience of a new entrepreneur and as a result of the shortage of resources ...for the development of a family business. Until now, there have been no studies of changes in farms in the short term resulting from intergenerational succession, i.e. transfers of farms. This paper fills that gap. Using the methods of counterfactual modelling and the panel data representative for Polish commercial farms, the study attempts to answer the question of whether and to what extent the positive, negative or neutral economic effects of the intergenerational transfer have been observed in the farms surveyed. The analyses showed that, on average, family succession did not translate into a reduction of production potential of the farms analysed and did not cause a deterioration in their economic performance. The results of counterfactual modelling showed that the improved economic situation of farms with succession had not directly resulted from successions, since the similar processes were noted in the control units. The findings have important implications for the EU CAP, especially for the instruments aimed at generational renewal of agriculture.
•The study contributes to the debate of a young farmer problem by analysing the short-term economic changes on the transferred family farms.•Using the inverse probability of treatment weighting method based on a counterfactual approach, the study explores the successor effects in farms.•The results showed that the improved economic situation of farms with succession had not directly resulted from successions.•The results have important implications for the EU CAP, especially for the instruments aimed at generational renewal of agriculture.
This article discusses a rare instance of the highest national courts explicitly addressing traffic signs in their judgments or decisions. It critically examines the standpoint expressed by the ...Polish Constitutional Tribunal and the Supreme Court, according to which the basic traffic sign categories in Poland—obligatory, prohibitory, informative and warning—are not separable (not disjunctive) e.g.
prima facie
non-normative signs (informative or warning) can also be normative (obligatory or prohibitory). These courts formulated this idea when addressing the legal question concerning the applicability of legal provision penalizing failure to comply with a traffic sign to parking a car without paying a fee in an area marked by an informative sign that indicates the need to charge a fee for parking. The article analyses and criticizes the relevant standpoint of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal and the Supreme Court. It shows how many negative consequences can result from frivolous treatment and neglect of traffic signs. It also reconstructs some possible practical recommendations concerning not only traffic signs but also visualizations of legal rules in general.
The article discusses issues related to the circular economy ideas applied to post-industrial facilities and infrastructure in Polish coal-mining areas. The aim of the article is to indicate ...directions for sustainability-oriented actions on reusing the remnants of closed mining plants and reshaping the areas which will be transformed under the just transition principles. For this purpose, the article reviews the terminology related to inventories of such facilities and their classification, and also indicates some locations of such facilities. The authors discuss the problem of legal regulations related to the process of closing a mining plant in Poland and also to EU guidelines on the allocation of financial resources from the Just Transition Fund (addressing the EU coal industry, climate change and the potential for clean energy solutions). This research aims at reviewing current research on the above aspects and at raising the problem of managing post-industrial facilities in light of their discontinued function due to mine closure. The article offers a preliminary diagnosis of the scale of research required to investigate the above problems in the view of the expected coal-exit in the Polish economy.
This article is Michał Dudek’s answer to the criticism articulated by Wojciech Ciszewski. In its first part it is noted, amongst other things, that Dudek and Ciszewski adopt different visions of the ...moral neutrality of law, or that they conduct analyses in a significantly different manner. It is also emphasized that Ciszewski frequently uses very idealistic, even counterfactual constructions and reads Dudek’s arguments erroneously. In the second part, Dudek, noticing Ciszewski’s very narrow critique of aligning law with morality, presents a more complete list of controversies connected with this postulate, including the problem of the incompleteness of morality, the diagnosis of morality, and the extension of the legislative process.
The paper focuses on identifying and assessing selected conditions and limitations of smart rural development in Poland. The concepts of smart development pointed out in the literature were used to ...analyse the results of field studies carried out in 2011 and 2016 in ten purposefully selected villages located in various regions of the country.
The conclusions were drawn on the basis of empirical material which took a form of quantitative data and qualitative information gathered from the interviews with village mayors (sołtys) and observations of the interviewers. For the purpose of the paper the statistical methods were used and the analysis of the content of responses was performed.
The results of the surveys indicated a presence of both the potential of smart development in the surveyed villages and the barriers to it. The important determinants to activate local economic progress based on knowledge, education and new technologies were connected mainly with a convenient location and the environmental and cultural resources available. As for an insufficient level of valorisation of the aforementioned elements, it proved to be an obstacle to this process, which was largely due to the limited accumulation of human and social capital.
Krytycznie o „wyjściu Dudek, Michał
Filozofia Publiczna i Edukacja Demokratyczna,
07/2018, Letnik:
3, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In multiculturalism, “exit”, or to be more precise, “right to exit” is very often thought of in terms of a condition of state’s non-interference in the minority groups. However popular, this account ...seems to be flawed with a number of controversial assumptions, questionable theoretical and practical implications and can lead to significant paradoxes. First of all, treating “exit” as a state’s non-interventionism condition also means that in fact representatives of minority groups should actually leave their communities in order to obtain all of the civil rights and liberties – be treated as “full”, not “partial” citizens. Various other problems connected with this account (i.a. the issue of general function of “right to exit” and civil rights and liberties or mutual relations between these two categories) presented and discussed in the paper justify a proposal of change of approach towards concept of “exit”. Either one should take really seriously the assumed normative character of it and construct a whole separate theory of “right to exit” from scratch, or maybe one should simply stop treating leaving one’s oppressive culture in terms of “right” or “freedom” and understand it only in descriptive manner.
This paper presents the results of a study on the possibility of detecting organosulfur and organophosphorus compounds by means of polymer-assisted optical fiber technology. The detection of the ...aforementioned compounds can be realized by fabricating a polymer-coated tapered optical fiber (TOF), where the polymer works as an absorber, which changes the light propagation conditions in the TOF. The TOFs were manufactured based on a standard single-mode fiber for telecommunication purposes and, as an absorbing polymer, hexafluorobutyl acrylate was used, which is sensitive to organosulfur and organophosphorus compounds. The spectral measurements were conducted in a wide optical range-500-1800 nm-covering the visible part of the spectrum as well as near infrared part in order to show the versatility of the proposed solution. Additionally, detailed absorption dynamics measurements were provided for a single wavelength of 1310 nm. The analyses were conducted for two concentrations of evaporating compounds, 10 µL and 100 µL, in a volume of 150 mL. Additionally, a temperature dependency analysis and tests with distilled water were carried out to eliminate the influence of external factors. The results presented in this article confirmed the possibility to provide low-cost sensors for dangerous and harmful chemical compounds using optical fiber technology and polymers as sensitive materials.
The EU has implemented targets to achieve a 20% share of energy from renewable sources by 2020, and 32% by 2030. Additionally, in the EU countries by 2050, more than 80% of electrical energy should ...be generated using non-greenhouse gases emission technology. At the same time, energy cost remains a crucial economic issue. From a practical point of view, the most effective technology for energy conversion is based on a gas turbine combined cycle. This technology uses natural gas, crude oil or coal gasification product but in any case, generates a significant amount of toxic gases to the atmosphere. In this study, the environmentally friendly power generation system composed of a high-temperature nuclear reactor HTR integrated with gas turbine combined cycle technology and cogeneration unit is thermodynamically analysed. The proposed solution is one of the most efficient ways for energy conversion, and what is also important it can be easily integrated with HTR. The results of analysis show that it is possible to obtain for analysed cycles thermal efficiency higher than 50% which is not only much more than could be proposed by typical lignite or hard coal power plant but is also more than can be offered by nuclear technology.
•A complex optimisation model of lignite energy generation project is proposed.•Lignite energy projects are sensitive to energy price and carbon tax change.•Some non-CCS projects may not be ...economically viable to compensate high carbon tax.•Lack of surface costs analysis may lead to misinformed economic viability estimation.•Joint optimisation with surface cost map aids investment decision-making process.
This research aims to discuss complex economics of lignite-based energy projects with respect to risk and uncertainty, optimisation, sustainable land use and the importance of lignite as fuel that may be expressed in situ as a deposit of energy. The sensitivity analyses and Monte Carlo simulations performed in this article include estimated land acquisition costs, geostatistics, 3D deposit block modelling, electricity (product) price, power station efficiency, the unit cost of lignite processing at the power station, CO2 allowance costs, mining unit cost and also geological risk considered as kriging estimation error for lignite reserves. The investigated parameters have a nonlinear influence on the final results and hence the economically viable amount of lignite in the optimum ultimate pit varies. The optimum ultimate pit area varies across scenarios from 11.2km2 (or even 9.1km2) up to 14.3km2. The performed simulations allowed each optimum ultimate pit to be calculated from a unique set of project parameters based on their distributions. For the highest surface cost scenario, there is 95% probability of obtaining undiscounted net value of €1277 million and also there is only 5% chance to obtain the net value of €5524 million.
The present paper focuses on farmers’ strategies for coping with the shock caused by the outbreak of the pandemic of COVID-19. Using the concept of farm resilience, which underlines the role of ...capacity and abilities as well as different actions undertaken in difficult situations, this study proposes an analytical framework of farmers’ coping short-term micro-strategies in relation to external crises, on the example of the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking into account academic literature, qualitative data gathered from fruit and vegetable producers in different regions in Poland and the information from sector experts, the paper outlines the varied consequences of the pandemic for farms, and also farmers’ diverse reactions to them. The findings from this study suggests that the analysed farms’ relative resilience to the crisis was achieved thanks to their available economic and social resources and the actions they undertook. The above-mentioned resources and activities were considered in the study primarily using the relational (process-based) approach, focusing on the ways of their creation, maintenance and adaptation. At the same time, the empirical material under analysis has shown that the adaptive measures adopted were short-term and did not respond to the farms’ permanent problems, which the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated significantly. It is assumed that presented results and proposed framework of farmers’ micro-strategies, which were taken during the pandemic, might be useful for future studies focusing on various external shocks as well as for research to be conducted in other CEE countries due to many common contextual factors that has shaped food practices and institutional arrangements.
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