The recently a large number of various companies from the energy sector have to follow new very restrictive regulations which protect the natural environment against pollution and degradation. At the ...same time, the efficiency of energy conversion and the cost of energy remain important economic aspects. One of the solutions for today's challenges can be power generation based on Gas Turbine Combined Cycle proposed in this paper which is the most efficient and environmentally friendly cycle. What is more important this solution can be easily integrated with a High-Temperature nuclear Reactor. The proposed in this work systems consist of the reactor combined with a gas turbine as well as steam turbine. The results show that it is possible to obtain for proposed cycle an efficiency higher than 50% which is not only more than could be offered by traditional coal power plant but much more than can be proposed by any other nuclear technology.
Consumption of energy is one of the important indicators in developing countries, but a lot of companies from the energy sector have to cope with three key challenges, namely how to reduce their ...impact on the environment, how to ensure the low cost of the energy production and how to improve the system overall performance? For Polish energy market, the number of challenges is greater. The growing demand for electricity and contemporary development of nuclear power technology allow today’s design, implement new solutions for high energy conversion system low unit cost for energy and fuel production. In the present paper, numerical analysis of modular high-temperature nuclear reactor coupled with the steam cycle for electricity production has been presented. The analysed system consists of three independent cycles. The first two are high-temperature nuclear reactor cycles which are equipped with two high-temperature nuclear reactors, heat exchangers, blowers, steam generators. The third cycle is a Rankine cycle which is equipped with up to four steam turbines, that operate in the heat recovery system. The analysis of such a system shows that is possible to achieve significantly greater efficiency than offered by traditional nuclear reactor technology.
Zgodnie z koncepcją neutralności/autonomii moralnej prawa zakazane jest tworzenie prawa motywowane przekonaniem, że jedne sposoby życia są lepsze od innych. Ponadto koncepcja ta zakłada konieczność ...takich uzasadnień prawa, by nie można go było uznać za przejaw preferencji jednej moralności nad inne. Artykuł jest próbą spojrzenia na neutralność/autonomię moralną prawa z perspektywy socjologiczno-prawnej, akcentuje ideał prawa uspołecznionego, czyli prawa faktycznie, dobrowolnie (bez konieczności „zewnętrznego” przymusowego egzekwowania) przestrzeganego przez jego adresatów. Pojęcie indyferentności moralnej prawa (oznaczające sytuację, w której prawo reguluje postępowanie niebędące równocześnie uregulowane przez moralność) jest pomocne w argumentacji. W artykule pokazuje się, że neutralność/autonomia moralna prawa jest wysoce problematyczna, np. nie jest dokładnie określone, wobec czyjej i jakiej moralności ustawodawca powinien być neutralny, a także czy w ogóle może on charakteryzować się taką postawą. Uwagę skupia się na tym, że neutralne motywy nie zawsze skutkują w neutralnym prawie. Usprawiedliwia to opinię, że neutralność/autonomia moralna prawa zdaje się jedynie stwarzać pozory rozwiązania problemu, a tak naprawdę generuje kolejne problemy. Próby realizacji tej koncepcji prowadzić mogą bowiem do manipulacji w procesie ustawodawczym i wykształcenia się łatwych do zakwestionowania nieoficjalnych norm dotyczących tworzenia i uzasadniania prawa. Przyjmując, że każde prawo może być traktowane przez swoich adresatów jako opresyjne, najlepszym sposobem przeciwdziałania takim złym opiniom na temat prawa (i ich możliwym negatywnym konsekwencjom) jest dążenie do uspołecznionego prawa, choć realizacja tego postulatu także napotyka szereg trudności.
Vertisols are characterized by high content of clay fraction that affects their specific morphological and physical features. The shrink-swell phenomena of clayey materials under specific moisture ...regime cause formation of cracks, wedge-shaped structural aggregates and slickensides on aggregate surfaces. It was formerly believed that these soils can be found only in tropical/subtropical zones, thus Vertisols have not been expected to form under temperate climate of Central Europe. As a result, Vertisols are insufficiently recognized and documented on soil maps in Poland, including the Lower Silesia region. The aim of this study was to examine soils developed on clayey parent materials near Strzelin, focusing on their morphology, properties and classification issues. There was confirmed that soils developed from Neogene clays have vertic and mollic horizon, accompanied by stagnic or gleyic properties. However, not all soils fulfil the criteria for Vertisols due to the presence of surface or subsurface coarser-textured (sandyor silty-textured) layers. Native differentiation of parent material and geomorphological processes were found the main factors, which control the spatial mosaic of Vertisols and black earths (Chernozems or Phaeozems).
At present many companies from the energy sector have to follow new regulations and concerns three crucial aspects of energy production: the impact on the environment, the efficiency of energy ...conversion and the cost of energy. From a technical point of view, the most efficient technology available today for electricity generation is based on a gas turbine combined cycle. In the present paper, an analysis of environmentally friendly, high-temperature gas nuclear reactor system coupled with gas turbine combined cycle technology has been investigated. The analysed system is one of the most advanced concepts and allow electricity generation with the higher thermal efficiency than could be offered by any currently existing nuclear power plant technology. The results show that it is possible to achieve thermal efficiency for nuclear power plant higher than 50% which is not only more than could be produced by any modern nuclear plant but it is also more than could be offered by most of the traditional power plants.
A successful application of self-interference digital holographic microscopy in combination with a sample-rotation-based tomography module for three-dimensional (3-D) label-free quantitative live ...cell imaging with subcellular resolution is demonstrated. By means of implementation of a hollow optical fiber as the sample cuvette, the observation of living cells in different 3-D matrices is enabled. The fiber delivers a stable and accurate rotation of a cell or cell cluster, providing quantitative phase data for tomographic reconstruction of the 3-D refractive index distribution with an isotropic spatial resolution. We demonstrate that it is possible to clearly distinguish and quantitatively analyze several cells grouped in a "3-D cluster" as well as subcellular organelles like the nucleoli and local internal refractive index changes.
Future development of the energy conversion systems will be based on second and third generation technology. Additionally, modern power plants are expected to be able to work in a very wide range of ...power output. At the same time, frequent and rapid changes in generated power reduce systems lifetime, their average efficiency, and in the case of nuclear energy, introduce additional issues related to nuclear safety. The hybrid energy systems can give at least a partial solution to such challenges. In the present work, a thermodynamic analysis of a hybrid system consisting of a nuclear block powered by Small Modular Reactor (SMR) and a gas-steam block Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC) was performed. The coupling was made by means of a compressor in a gas block powered by an electric motor and using steam from a nuclear block in the Gas Turbine Combined Cycle steam power plant block. Some promising and challenging results are shown and discussed.
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