Antifungal activity of new copper(II) complexes of 2-methylthionicotinate (2-MeSNic) of the composition Cu(2-MeSNic)2(MeNia)(2).4H2O (where MeNia is N-methylnicotinamide), and ...Cu(2-MeSNic)2(Nia)(2).2H2O (where Nia is nicotinamide) and Cu(2-MeSNic)2L2 (where L is isonicotinamide, iNia, or ethyl nicotinate, EtNic) were tested on various strains of filamentous fungi by the macrodilution method. Most sensitive against copper(II) adducts with bioactive ligands were Rhizopus oryzae and Microsporum gypseum (IC50 1.5-2.3 mmol/L). The adducts with Nia, MeNia and EtNic at 5 mmol/L induced morphological changes in growing hyphae of Botrytis cinerea, mainly their intensive branching attached to release of cytoplasm with partial growth inhibition. Inhibition of sporulation (> 90%) of Alternaria alternata by Cu(2-MeSNic)2.H2O was observed as a change in the color of the colonies. The highest resistance was marked by B. cinerea and Fusarium moniliforme (average IC50 values 4.25 and 3.13 mmol/L, respectively). The presence of all bioactive ligands in copper(II) complexes caused an increase in the inhibition effect against model fungi (except significant inhibition activity of EtNic on R. oryzae).
Biological properties of new copper(II) complexes of 2-methylthionicotinate (2-MeSNic) of composition Cu(2-MeSNic)2(MeNia)(2).4H2O (where MeNia is N-methyl-nicotinamide), Cu(2-MeSNic)2(Nia)(2).2H2O ...(where Nia is nicotinamide) and Cu(2-MeSNic)2L2 (where L is isonicotinamide (iNia) or ethyl nicotinate (EtNic)) are reported. Gram(-)-bacteria (Escherichia coli) are more resistant against Cu(II) complexes than Gram(+)-bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus)--significant antistaphylococcal activity was found with Cu(2-MeSNic)2(MeNia)(2).4H2O (IC50 1.3 mmol/L). Candida parapsilosis was most inhibited by Cu(2-MeSNic)2.H2O and Cu(2-MeSNic)2(MeNia)(2).4H2O (IC50 1.4 mmol/L and 1.5 mmol/L, respectively). Biosynthesis of nucleic acids influenced by Cu(2-MeSNic)2(Nia)(2).2H2O indicated by incorporation of 14C-adenine (IC50(Ade) 0.31 mmol/L) is more sensitive than biosynthesis of proteins indicated by incorporation of 14C-leucine (IC50(Leu) 9.94 mmol/L). Cu(II) complexes with expressed antimicrobial activity showed no mutagenic activity.
The reaction of an ethanolic solutions of
N-salicylideneglycinatoaquacopper(II) hemihydrate with urea, pyridine, 2,4-dimethylpyridine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine, quinoline, 4-methylquinoline, ...isoquinoline, or 3-methylisoquinoline in an equimolar ratio resulted in solid products containing complexes of the type Cu(salgly)L with distorted square pyramidal coordination polyhedra. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, electronic and EPR spectra, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Moreover, the crystal and molecular structure of
N-salicylideneglycinatoureacopper(II) dimer was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The copper(II) atoms are bridged by two phenolic oxygen atoms with a CuCu distance of 3.1093(11) Å and CuOCu angle of 94.47(12)°. The antimicrobial effects have been tested on various strains of bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi.
Marked antimicrobial effects have been found for some new copper(II) complexes derived from
N-salicylideneglycinatoaquacopper(II) hemihydrate parent compound. Tests in vitro were run on various strains of becteria, yeast's and filamentous fungi. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, electronic and EPR spectra, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The structure of dimeric
N-salicylideneglycinatoureacopper(II) was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods.
Antifungal activity of new copper(II) complexes of 2-methylthionicotinate (2-MeSNic) of the composition Cu(2-MeSNic)2(MeNia)2·4H2O (where MeNia isN-methylnicotinamide), and Cu(2-MeSNic)2(Nia)2·2H2O ...(where Nia is nicotinamide) and Cu(2-MeSNic)2L2 (where L is isonicotinamide, iNia, or ethyl nicotinate, EtNic) were tested on various strains of filamentous fungi by the macrodilution method. Most sensitive against copper(II) adducts with bioactive ligands wereRhizopus oryzae andMicrosporum gypseum (IC50 1.5–2.3 mmol/L). The adducts with Nia, MeNia and EtNic at 5 mmol/L induced morphological changes in growing hyphae ofBotrytis cinerea, mainly their intensive branching attached to release of cytoplasm with partial growth inhibition. Inhibition of sporulation (>90%) ofAlternaria alternata by Cu(2-MeSNic)2·H2O was observed as a change in the color of the colonies. The highest resistance was marked byB. cinerea andFusarium moniliforme (average IC50 values 4.25 and 3.13 mmol/L, respectively). The presence of all bioactive ligands in copper(II) complexes caused an increase in the inhibition effect against model fungi (except significant inhibition activity of EtNic onR. oryzae).
Biological properties of new copper(II) complexes of 2-methylthionicotinate (2-MeSNic) of composition Cu(2-MeSNic)2(MeNia)2·4H2O (where MeNia isN-methylnicotinamide), Cu(2-MeSNic)2(Nia)2·2H2O (where ...Nia is nicotinamide) and Cu(2-MeSNic)2(2 (where L is isonicotinamide (iNia) or ethyl nicotinate (EtNic)) are reported. Gram−-bacteria (Escherichia coli) are more resistant against Cu(II) complexes than Gram+-bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus)—significant antistaphylococcal activity was found with Cu(2-MeSNic)2(MeNia)2·4H2O (IC50 1.3 mmol/L).Caddida parapsilosis was most inhibited by Cu(2-MeSNic)2·H2O and Cu(2-MeSNic)2(MeNia)2·4H2O (IC50 1.4 mmol/L and 1.5 mmol/L, respectively). Biosynthesis of nucleic acids influenced by Cu(2-MeSNic)2-(Nia)2·2H2O indicated by incorporation of14C-adenine (IC50(Ade) 0.31 mmol/L) is more sensitive than biosynthesis of proteins indicated by incorporation of14C-leucine (IC50(Leu) 9.94 mmol/L). Cu(II) complexes with expressed antimicrobial activity showed no mutagenic activity.
The reaction of an ethanolic solution of copper(II) pyridinecarboxylates CuX
2·
nH
2O (where X is nicotinate (nic) (
n=0) or isonicotinate (isonic) (
n=4)) with ethylenediamine (en) in a molar ratio ...of 1:2 lead to the isolation of solid tetragonally distorted octahedral complexes of the type Cu(en)
2(H
2O)
2X
2·
nH
2O (
n=1 for nic;
n=0 for isonic). The analogous reaction of CuX
2·
nH
2O with diethylenetriamine (dien) in a molar ratio of 1:1 leads to the formation of square-pyramidal pentacoordinated complexes of the type CuX(dien)(H
2O)X. On the other hand, the reaction of equimolar quantities of copper(II) nitrate and dien with nicotinate anions (equimolar quantities of pyridinecarboxylic acid and NaOH) in ethanolic solutions gives a solid monomeric complex Cu(nic)(NO
3)dien)(H
2O)·H
2O in which the coordination polyhedron around the Cu(II) atom is a (4+1+1) distorted tetragonal bipyramid. Based on the molecular structure the electronic and IR spectra are discussed. Moreover, the results of the quantitative determination of antimicrobial activity of the isonic complexes Cu(isonic)
2(H
2O)
4, Cu(en)
2(H
2O)
2(isonic)
2, Cu(isonic)(dien)(H
2O)(isonic), as well as isonicotinic acid, ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine alone are discussed.
Antifungal activity of new copper(II) complexes of 2-methylthionicotinate (2-MeSNic) of the composition Cu(2-MeSNic)2*4H2O (where MeNia is N-methylnicotinamide), and Cu(2-MeSNic)2(Nia)2*2H2O (where ...Nia is nicotinamide) and Cu(2-MeSNic)2L2 (where L is isonicotinamide), INia, or ethyl nicotinate, EtNic) were tested on various strains of filamentous fungi by the macrodilution method. The most sensitive against copper(II) adducts with bioactive ligands were Rhizopus oryzae and Microsporum gypseum (IC50 1.5-2.3 mmol/L). The adducts with Nia, MeNia and EtNic at 5 mmol/L induced morphological changes in growing hyphae of Botrytis cinerea, mainly their intensive branching attached to release of cytoplasm with partial growth inhibition. Inhibition of sporulation (90 %) of Alternaria alternata by Cu(2-MeSNic)2*H2O was observed as a change in the color of the colonies. The highest resistance was marked by B. cinerea and Fusarium moniliforme (average IC50 values were 4.25 and 3.13 mmol/L, respectively). The presence of all bioactive ligands in copper(II) complexes caused an increase in the inhibition effect against model fungi.
Optical properties of a polymer composition based on heat-resistant aromatic polyamide are established and an approach to the formation of three-dimensional microoptical structures by two-photon ...polymerization on the base of this composition is developed. Formation of prototype polymer microoptical elements is proven in several regimes involving a two-photon polymerization system with the use of a laser source with a wavelength of 525 nm. The formed structures corresponded to the initial three-dimensional model, were optically transparent in the range from 450 nm, and preserved optical transparency after several cycles of heating up to 300°C.
We created an anisotropic material based on collagen sponge and reactive polylactide structured by laser photopolymerization. The combination of collagen with reactive polylactide improves the ...resistance of the formed matrices to biodegradation in comparison with collagen sponge, while the existence of sites with different mechanical characteristics and cell affinity on the matrix provides directed cell growth during their culturing. It was shown that reinforcement of the collagen sponges 7-fold increased the mean Young’s modulus for the hybrid matrix without affecting its cytotoxicity. The developed matrix provides cell adhesion and proliferation along reinforcement lines and can be used for fabrication of tissue engineering constructs.
The parameters of functional diversity are studied on the example of plant height for four alpine communities (alpine lichen heaths,
Festuca varia
grasslands
Hedysarum-Geranium
meadows, and alpine ...snowbed communities) in Teberda Reserve of the northwestern Caucasus. The work tests the hypothesis that, when plants that use different volumes of air, a low volume of the environment is used more evenly than a high volume. It was assumed that the divergence in plant height is more pronounced in meadow communities, where the competitive relationship is stronger and the level of production is higher. For the four main types of phytocenoses (alpine heaths,
Festuca varia
grasslands
Hedysarum-Geranium
meadows, alpine snowbeds), data were obtained on the average height of the plant species forming them, the biomass of individual species, and the weighted average plant height in the communities. The indices of functional richness, evenness, and divergence were calculated based on these data. It is shown that taking into account the abundance of species in the community significantly affects the values of average height and indices of functional diversity. Contrary the a priori hypothesis, it was found that the value of evenness is significantly lower at a low air volume occupied by the community (alpine snowbeds) than for a high volume (
Festuca varia
grasslands). The functional divergence in alpine snowbed communities with low productivity is higher than that in the more productive meadow phytocenoses, e.g.
Festuca varia
grasslands. The aboveground production positively correlated with functional richness in the aggregate analysis of all data, but this correlation is not detected within communities. Functional evenness is not related to community production. An unimodal relationship between the index of functional-divergence and aboveground biomass was shown only for the
Festuca varia
grasslands (the maximal divergence is observed on plots with average biomass).
