Abstract Objective To measure the difference in intraocular pressure (IOP) before and following pharmacologic mydriasis with a cycloplegic-mydriatic combination agent in normal subjects using the ...Goldmann applanation tonometer. Design A prospective, university hospital–based, nonrandomized interventional case series. Methods We recruited 67 normal subjects without glaucoma. Data were collected on the patients' IOPs before and 45 minutes after pharmacologic mydriasis in both eyes using the Goldmann applanation tonometer. Central corneal thickness and additional parameters were measured to further confirm the absence of glaucoma and to study the correlation between IOP fluctuations and these characteristics. Results The IOP was measured in 127 eyes. The mean difference between pre- and post-dilation time points was 1.1 ± 2.5 mm Hg in the right eye and 0.7 ± 2.3 mm Hg in the left eye. Post-dilation, the maximum deviation was a change of 6 mm Hg.; 35% of patients had a post-dilation variation of >2 mm Hg (clinically significant). Of these, 31.1% of changes were IOP increases, and 68.9% of changes were IOP decreases after dilation. Central corneal thickness and other parameters showed no correlation with IOP changes. Conclusions The use of pharmacologic mydriasis prior to IOP measurement affected the reliability of IOP measurements taken post-dilation in our group of patients. Thus, we believe that the stringent measurement of IOP prior to dilation is the responsible method of measuring and following IOP in every single patient.
We present the case of a patient who experienced recurrent episodes of blurry vision and eye pain after uneventful cataract extraction and in-the-bag intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Examination ...revealed a microhyphema and signs of pigment dispersion. Iris transillumination was seen overlying areas where the IOL optic was not covered by the anterior capsule. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography confirmed iris indentation by the IOL optic, which was alleviated by performing laser peripheral iridotomy. This case shows that IOLs in the capsular bag can erode the posterior surface of the iris and that an adequately sized capsulorhexis should be performed to ensure anterior capsule coverage. Laser peripheral iridotomy should be considered when significant posterior iris bowing is observed.
To measure the difference in intraocular pressure (IOP) before and after pharmacologic mydriasis in normal subjects using Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) and the Diaton transpalpebral tonometer ...(DT).
Prospective case series study.
Sixty-seven adult patients attending a tertiary general ophthalmology eye care center.
Patients were recruited based on a lack of glaucoma history and normal anterior segment on slit lamp examination. IOP measurements predilation and postdilation were collected. Predilation, both eyes were measured using GAT followed immediately by DT. Forty-five minutes post pharmacologic mydriasis, the measurements were repeated sequentially in the same order. Central corneal thickness (CCT) and additional parameters were also collected to corroborate the absence of glaucoma.
Using GAT, the mean IOP predilation was 16.7 ± 3.1 mm Hg OD and 16.12 ± 3.0 mm Hg OS. The mean difference between predilation and postdilation time-points was −1.1 ± 2.5 mm Hg in the right eye and −0.7 ± 2.3 mm Hg in the left eye. Using DT, the mean IOP predilation was 12.8 ± 3.8 mm Hg OD and 13.2 ± 3.5 mm Hg OS. The mean difference between predilation and postdilation time points was −0.8 ± 4.0 mm Hg in the right eye and −0.7 ± 3.6 mm Hg in the left eye. There was a larger fluctuation of postdilation measurements using DT. The difference in IOP measured by the 2 instruments was statistically significant both predilation and postdilation (paired sample analysis pre-correlation 0.38 p = 0.002; post correlation 0.40 p = 0.001).
The use of pharmacologic mydriasis affected the reliability of IOP measurements which was decreased when taken postdilation by both GAT and DT. The poor agreement between GAT and DT values indicates an intrinsic difference between the two types of instrumentation.
Mesurer la différence au chapitre de la pression intraoculaire (PIO) avant et après la mydriase pharmacologique chez des sujets sains selon le tonomètre de Goldmann (TG) et le tonomètre transpalpébral Diaton (TTD).
Étude prospective d'une série de cas.
Soixante-sept adultes traités dans un centre de soins tertiaires en ophtalmologie générale.
Les patients ont été recrutés en fonction de l'absence d'antécédents de glaucome et de l'obtention de résultats normaux lors de l'examen du segment antérieur à la lampe à fente. On a mesuré la PIO dans les 2 yeux avant et après la dilatation d'abord par le TG et, immédiatement après, par le TTD. Quarante-cinq minutes après l'obtention d'une mydriase pharmacologique, les mesures ont été refaites dans le même ordre. On a en outre mesuré l’épaisseur cornéenne centrale (ECC) et d'autres paramètres afin de confirmer l'absence de glaucome.
Selon le TG, la PIO moyenne avant la dilatation était de 16,7 ± 3,1 mm Hg dans l’œil droit et de 16,12 ± 3,0 mm Hg dans l’œil gauche. La différence moyenne entre les mesures prises avant et après la dilatation se chiffrait à −1,1 ± 2,5 mm Hg dans l’œil droit et à −0,7 ± 2,3 mm Hg dans l’œil gauche. Selon le TTD, la PIO moyenne avant la dilatation s’élevait à 12,8 ± 3,8 mm Hg dans l’œil droit et à 13,2 ± 3,5 mm Hg dans l’œil gauche. La différence moyenne entre les mesures prises avant et après la dilatation était de −0,8 ± 4,0 mm Hg dans l’œil droit et de −0,7 ± 3,6 mm Hg dans l’œil gauche. Le TTD a fait ressortir une fluctuation plus prononcée des mesures prises après la dilatation. La différence de PIO mesurée avec les 2 instruments était statistiquement significative tant avant qu'après la dilatation (test t pour échantillons appariés – avant la dilatation: corrélation de 0,38; p = 0,002; après la dilatation : corrélation de 0,40; p = 0,001).
La mydriase pharmacologique a eu un effet sur la fiabilité des mesures de la PIO, laquelle était moins élevée après la dilatation selon les 2 tonomètres (TG et TTD). La faible concordance entre les résultats obtenus avec le TG et le TTD fait ressortir la différence intrinsèque entre les 2 types d'instruments.
Fibrosis of subconjunctival tissues is a major cause of bleb failure following glaucoma filtration surgery. The aim of the present investigation was to demonstrate the effect of Rapamycin, a ...clinically relevant macrolide antibiotic with potent immunosuppressive properties, on human Tenon fibroblast proliferation induced by platelet-derived growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor.
Primary Tenon fibroblast cultures were derived from patients undergoing trabeculectomies or routine cataract extractions. Rapamycin was added in concentrations of 0.1-100 ng/ml with or without 3-30 ng/ml of porcine platelet-derived growth factor or of human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor. Two days after treatment, the cells were examined and counted. The results were expressed as the percent of cell growth in treated culture relative to its untreated control.
Rapamycin was not cytotoxic at any of the concentrations tested. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-induced Tenon fibroblast proliferation occurred with all doses of Rapamycin, the most marked effect being observed with 30 ng/ml (60% inhibition, p < 0.001). In contrast, optimal inhibition of basic fibroblast growth factor-induced proliferation was only 37% (p < 0.01), achieved with 10 ng/ml of the peptide.
Rapamycin potently inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced fibroblast proliferation in vitro without any apparent cytotoxicity. It may eventually prove to be a useful adjunct to glaucoma filtration surgery.
* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Both apraclonidine hydrochloride 0.5% and brimonidine tartrate O. 5% are potent alpha-2 agonists, effective in controlling the intraocular pressure (IOP) rise following ...argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT). Brimonidine has recently become available commercially as a 0.2% solution. Our goal in this study was to compare the efficacy and side effect profile of 0.2% brimonidine to that of 0.5% apraclonidine in the prevention of IOP spikes following anterior segment laser procedures.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing argon laser trabeculoplasty, Nd:Yag peripheral iridectomy or posterior capsulotomy were prospecrively randomized to receive either apraclonidine 0.5% or brimonidine 0.2%, approximately 10 minutes prior to laser surgery. Intraocular pressure was measured by a masked observer, using Goldmann applanation tonometry, before and 1 hour after the treatment.
* RESULTS: 51 ALTs, 21 peripheral iridectomies, and 13 posterior capsulotomies were performed. The incidence of an IOP rise greater than 5 mmHg was 3/43 (7.0%) in the brimonidine group and 0/42 (0%) in the apraclonidine group (P=0.08, chi-squared). There were no IOP elevations greater than 8 mmHg. All IOP rises of greater than 5 mmHg occurred in the ALT sub-group, and within this sub-group, the mean change in IOP from pre- to post-op was -4.00 ± 5.87 in the brimonidine group versus -4.29 ± 3.86 in the apraclonidine group (.P=O. 84). There was a statistically significant decrease in IOP from baseline in both drug groups (P<.0001).
* CONCLUSIONS: Both drugs are highly effective in controlling IOP spikes following anterior segment laser procedures. There is a tendency toward higher risk of IOP rise following argon laser trabeculoplasty with 0.2% brimonidine as compared to 0.5% apraclonidine, however, this was not statistically significant.
Ophtalmie Surg Lasers 1999;30:199-204.
Both apraclonidine hydrochloride 0.5% and brimonidine tartrate 0.5% are potent alpha-2 agonists, effective in controlling the intraocular pressure (IOP) rise following argon laser trabeculoplasty ...(ALT). Brimonidine has recently become available commercially as a 0.2% solution. Our goal in this study was to compare the efficacy and side effect profile of 0.2% brimonidine to that of 0.5% apraclonidine in the prevention of IOP spikes following anterior segment laser procedures. Patients undergoing argon laser trabeculoplasty, Nd:Yag peripheral iridectomy or posterior capsulotomy were prospectively randomized to receive either apraclonidine 0.5% or brimonidine 0.2%, approximately 10 minutes prior to laser surgery. Intraocular pressure was measured by a masked observer, using Goldmann applanation tonometry, before and 1 hour after the treatment. 51 ALTs, 21 peripheral iridectomies, and 13 posterior capsulotomies were performed. The incidence of an IOP rise greater than 5 mmHg was 3/43 (7.0%) in the brimonidine group and 0/42 (0%) in the apraclonidine group (P = 0.08, chi-squared). There were no IOP elevations greater than 8 mmHg. All IOP rises of greater than 5 mmHg occurred in the ALT sub-group, and within this sub-group, the mean change in IOP from pre- to post-op was -4.00 +/- 5.87 in the brimonidine group versus -4.29 +/- 3.86 in the apraclonidine group (P = 0.84). There was a statistically significant decrease in IOP from baseline in both drug groups (P < .0001). Both drugs are highly effective in controlling IOP spikes following anterior segment laser procedures. There is a tendency toward higher risk of IOP rise following argon laser trabeculoplasty with 0.2% brimonidine as compared to 0.5% apraclonidine, however, this was not statistically significant.
Both apraclonidine hydrochloride 0.5% and brimonidine tartrate 0.5% are potent alpha-2 agonists, effective in controlling the intraocular pressure (IOP) rise following argon laser trabeculoplasty ...(ALT). Brimonidine has recently become available commercially as a 0.2% solution. Our goal in this study was to compare the efficacy and side effect profile of 0.2% brimonidine to that of 0.5% apraclonidine in the prevention of IOP spikes following anterior segment laser procedures.
Patients undergoing argon laser trabeculoplasty, Nd:Yag peripheral iridectomy or posterior capsulotomy were prospectively randomized to receive either apraclonidine 0.5% or brimonidine 0.2%, approximately 10 minutes prior to laser surgery. Intraocular pressure was measured by a masked observer, using Goldmann applanation tonometry, before and 1 hour after the treatment.
51 ALTs, 21 peripheral iridectomies, and 13 posterior capsulotomies were performed. The incidence of an IOP rise greater than 5 mmHg was 3/43 (7.0%) in the brimonidine group and 0/42 (0%) in the apraclonidine group (P = 0.08, chi-squared). There were no IOP elevations greater than 8 mmHg. All IOP rises of greater than 5 mmHg occurred in the ALT sub-group, and within this sub-group, the mean change in IOP from pre- to post-op was -4.00 +/- 5.87 in the brimonidine group versus -4.29 +/- 3.86 in the apraclonidine group (P = 0.84). There was a statistically significant decrease in IOP from baseline in both drug groups (P < .0001).
Both drugs are highly effective in controlling IOP spikes following anterior segment laser procedures. There is a tendency toward higher risk of IOP rise following argon laser trabeculoplasty with 0.2% brimonidine as compared to 0.5% apraclonidine, however, this was not statistically significant.
The delivery of biologic cargoes to airway epithelial cells is challenging due to the formidable barriers imposed by its specialized and differentiated cells. Among cargoes, recombinant proteins ...offer therapeutic promise but the lack of effective delivery methods limits their development. Here, we achieve protein and SpCas9 or AsCas12a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery to cultured human well-differentiated airway epithelial cells and mouse lungs with engineered amphiphilic peptides. These shuttle peptides, non-covalently combined with GFP protein or CRISPR-associated nuclease (Cas) RNP, allow rapid entry into cultured human ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells and mouse airway epithelia. Instillation of shuttle peptides combined with SpCas9 or AsCas12a RNP achieves editing of loxP sites in airway epithelia of ROSA
mice. We observe no evidence of short-term toxicity with a widespread distribution restricted to the respiratory tract. This peptide-based technology advances potential therapeutic avenues for protein and Cas RNP delivery to refractory airway epithelial cells.
Palm oil is the most traded vegetable oil worldwide. Production is concentrated in Southeast Asia, where established oil palm plantations dominate the landscape in many regions. Although levels of ...biodiversity are much lower than in forest, mature oil palm plantations can support a wide range of generalist species. However, these species may be threatened, as large areas of plantation have already been, or will soon be, replanted as they near the end of their productive life (20–30 years). Replanting changes vegetation complexity and microclimate, but short‐ and long‐term effects on biodiversity are largely unstudied.
We surveyed an oil palm chronosequence (first‐generation mature palms, and replanted second‐generation palms aged 1, 3 and 8 years) in an industrial plantation in Riau, Indonesia to assess the impacts of replanting over an 8‐year period on arthropods in the ground, understorey and canopy microhabitats. Replanting was carried out using current recommended strategies, which included staggering replanting events to promote landscape‐level heterogeneity, retaining mature oil palm riparian buffers, planting a cover crop immediately after replanting, and using chopped mature palms as mulch after clearance. We assessed changes in total arthropod abundance and order‐level community composition, as well as specific changes in spider communities.
We observed no significant declines in total arthropod abundance after replanting, but arthropod order‐level community composition varied across the chronosequence in all microhabitats. These findings were replicated, or more pronounced, in spider‐specific analyses. Spider abundance and species richness decreased in the understorey in the first year after replanting (although these returned to pre‐replanting levels after 3 years), and spider species‐level community composition in all microhabitats differed significantly across the chronosequence.
Synthesis and applications. Our findings indicate that total arthropod abundance is resilient to replanting of oil palm, but that replanting changes total arthropod and spider community composition and decreases spider abundance and species richness in some microhabitats. While it is somewhat encouraging from a management perspective that recommended replanting strategies maintain overall arthropod abundance, the changes in arthropod composition and spider biodiversity that we observed may impact ecosystem processes, such as pest control, in second‐generation oil palm plantations, with potential implications for yield. Additional studies that focus on other taxonomic groups and assess the effects of individual replanting strategies are needed before the long‐term ecological impacts of replanting on existing oil palm plantations can be fully determined.
Abstrak
Kelapa sawit adalah tanaman minyak nabati yang paling banyak diperdagangkan secara global. Produksi minyak kelapa sawit terpusat di Asia Tenggara, dimana perkebunan kelapa sawit mendominasi lahan perkebunan di banyak wilayah. Walapun tingkat keragaman hayati lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan hutan, pohon kelapa sawit yang sudah dewasa dapat mendukung banyak “generalist species”. Akan tetapi spesies‐spesies ini dapat pula terancam keberadaannya. Luasnya area perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah di‐replanting, atau akan di‐replanting, ketika perkebunan sudah mencapai umur yang tidak produktif (20–30 tahun). Kegiatan replanting berdampak terhadap perubahan kompleksitas vegetasi dan iklim mikro. Namun, dampak terhadap keanekaragaman hayati belum banyak teliti, baik dalam jangka pendek maupun panjang.
Kami melakukan survei terhadap “chronosequence” kelapa sawit (generasi pertama, dan replanting generasi kedua, pada umur satu, tiga dan 8 tahun) di industri perkebunan kelapa sawit, Riau, Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kegiatan replanting selama periode 8 tahun terhadap anthropoda di permukaan tanah, di bawah naungan tanaman kelapa sawit, dan di mikro‐habitat kanopi. Kegiatan replanting dilakukan sesuai dengan rekomendasi standar praktis, dimana kegiatan ini dilakukan secara luas untuk menjaga tingkat keberagaman lahan, mempertahankan (tidak ditumbang) pohon sawit dewasa di daerah aliran sungai, menanam cover crop dengan segera setelah penumbangan (sebelum penanaman) and menggunakan batang kelapa sawit yang sudah dipotong‐potong (chipping) sebagai mulsa. Kami meneliti perubahan‐perubahan yang terjadi terhadap kelimpahan arthropoda dan komposisi komunitas di tingkat ordo, dan juga perubahan yang spesifik dalam komunitas laba‐laba.
Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan replanting tidak signifikan dalam menurunkan total kelimpahan arthropoda, akan tetapi komposisi komunitas tingkat ordo berbeda selama “chronosequence” di semua habitat mikro. Hasil ini ditemukan secara berulang, atau lebih menonjol di pengamatan spesifik laba‐laba. Kelimpahan laba‐laba dan kekayaan spesies menurun di bawah naungan tanaman kelapa sawit pada tahun pertama setelah replanting (meskipun ini kembali ke level pra‐penanaman kembali setelah 3 tahun), dan komposisi komunitas di tingkat spesies laba‐laba berbeda nyata di semua habitat mikro sepanjang “chronosequence”.
Kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa total kelimpahan arthropoda mampu bertahan terhadap dampak kegiatan replanting di perkebunan kelapa sawit, namun kegiatan tersebut mempengaruhi komposisi komunitas total dari arthropoda dan laba‐laba, mengurangi kelimpahan laba‐laba dan kekayaan spesies pada beberapa habitat mikro. Selain terlihat menguntungkan dari perspektif manajemen, dimana standar praktis ini mampu menjaga kelimpahan arthropoda secara keseluruhan. Perubahan dalam komposisi dan biodiversitas laba‐laba yang kami teliti mungkin berpengaruh terhadap proses‐ proses dalam ekosistem, seperti pengendalian hama, potensi dalam peningkatan produksi di perkebun kelapa sawit generasi kedua. Sebelum ditentukan secara pasti terkait dampak ekologi jangka panjang dari kegiatan replanting di perkebunan kelapa sawit, diperlukan penelitian lanjutan terhadap grup taxonomy yang lain serta pengaruh strategi replanting lainnya.
Our findings indicate that total arthropod abundance is resilient to replanting of oil palm, but that replanting changes total arthropod and spider community composition and decreases spider abundance and species richness in some microhabitats. While it is somewhat encouraging from a management perspective that recommended replanting strategies maintain overall arthropod abundance, the changes in arthropod composition and spider biodiversity that we observed may impact ecosystem processes, such as pest control, in second‐generation oil palm plantations, with potential implications for yield. Additional studies that focus on other taxonomic groups and assess the effects of individual replanting strategies are needed before the long‐term ecological impacts of replanting on existing oil palm plantations can be fully determined.
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