Test beam measurements at the test beam facilities of DESY have been conducted to characterise the performance of the EUDET-type beam telescopes originally developed within the EUDET project. The ...beam telescopes are equipped with six sensor planes using MIMOSA 26 monolithic active pixel devices. A programmable Trigger Logic Unit provides trigger logic and time stamp information on particle passage. Both data acquisition framework and offline reconstruction software packages are available. User devices are easily integrable into the data acquisition framework via predefined interfaces.
The biased residual distribution is studied as a function of the beam energy, plane spacing and sensor threshold. Its standard deviation at the two centre pixel planes using all six planes for tracking in a 6 GeV electron/positron-beam is measured to be (2.88 ± 0.08) µm. Iterative track fits using the formalism of General Broken Lines are performed to estimate the intrinsic resolution of the individual pixel planes. The mean intrinsic resolution over the six sensors used is found to be (3.24 ± 0.09) µm. With a 5 GeV electron/positron beam, the track resolution halfway between the two inner pixel planes using an equidistant plane spacing of 20 mm is estimated to (1.83 ± 0.03) µm assuming the measured intrinsic resolution. Towards lower beam energies the track resolution deteriorates due to increasing multiple scattering. Threshold studies show an optimal working point of the MIMOSA 26 sensors at a sensor threshold of between five and six times their RMS noise. Measurements at different plane spacings are used to calibrate the amount of multiple scattering in the material traversed and allow for corrections to the predicted angular scattering for electron beams.
Stimulus–response bindings in priming Henson, Richard N; Eckstein, Doris; Waszak, Florian ...
Trends in cognitive sciences,
07/2014, Letnik:
18, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Highlights • S–R bindings are more flexible and pervasive than previously thought. • S–R bindings can simultaneously encode multiple stimulus and response representations. • S–R bindings can be ...encoded or retrieved in the absence of attention or awareness. • S–R bindings complicate interpretations of priming, but are interesting in their own right. • S–R bindings enable rapid yet context-dependent behaviors.
Using an affective priming paradigm, we demonstrated that the affective tone of musical chords influences the evaluation of target words. In Experiment 1, participants heard either consonant chords ...with three tones or dissonant chords with four tones as primes and then saw a positive or a negative word as target. Even participants who were unaware of the hypothesis of the experiment evaluated target words faster if the words were preceded by a similarly valenced chord (e.g., consonant-holiday) as compared to affectively incongruent chord-word pairs (e.g. dissonanthumor). In Experiment 2, results of Experiment 1 were replicated even when chord density was held constant at three tones per chord. Results suggest that the affective tone of single musical elements is automatically extracted and might therefore be viewed as a basic process contributing to the strong connection between music and affect.
The impact of electron hole plasmas on silicon sensor performance was studied with a multi-channel Transient Current Technique (mTCT) setup. Electron hole densities of up to 10
16
cm
−3 (equivalent ...to 10
5 focused 12
keV photons) were created with sub-ns lasers (660 and 1015
nm) and the time resolved current pulses of segmented sensors (4 channels simultaneously) were read out by a 2.5
GHz oscilloscope. Measurements for strip sensors of
280
μ
m
thickness and
80
μ
m
pitch as well as
450
μ
m
thickness and
50
μ
m
pitch were carried out showing an increase of the charge collection time and an increase of the charge spread (charge cloud explosion) with increased charge carrier density. These effects were studied as a function of the applied bias voltage and electron hole density. It was shown that for the current AGIPD sensor design plasma effects in p-in-n sensors of
450
μ
m
thickness are negligible if at least 500
V bias is applied.
Towards a new generation of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors Chauhan, Ankur; Del Rio Viera, Manuel; Eckstein, Doris ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
February 2023, 2023-02-00, Letnik:
1047
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A new generation of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS), produced in a 65nm CMOS imaging process, promises higher densities of on-chip circuits and, for a given pixel size, more sophisticated ...in-pixel logic compared to larger feature size processes. MAPS are a cost-effective alternative to hybrid pixel sensors since flip-chip bonding is not required. In addition, they allow for significant reductions of the material budget of detector systems, due to the smaller physical thicknesses of the active sensor and the absence of a separate readout chip.
The TANGERINE project develops a sensor suitable for future Higgs factories as well as for a beam telescope to be used at beam-test facilities. The sensors will have small collection electrodes (order of µm) to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, which makes it possible to minimize power dissipation in the circuitry. The first batch of test chips, featuring full front-end amplifiers with Krummenacher feedback, was produced and tested at the Mainzer Mikrotron (MAMI) at the end of 2021. MAMI provides an electron beam with currents up to 100µA and an energy of 855MeV. The analog output signal of the test chips was recorded with a high bandwidth oscilloscope and used to study the charge-sensitive amplifier of the chips in terms of waveform analysis. A beam telescope was used as a reference system to allow for track-based analysis of the recorded data.
Simulations and performance studies of a MAPS in 65 nm CMOS imaging technology Simancas, Adriana; Braach, Justus; Buschmann, Eric ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
July 2024, 2024-07-00, Letnik:
1064
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) produced in a 65 nm CMOS imaging technology are being investigated for applications in particle physics. The MAPS design has a small collection electrode ...characterized by an input capacitance of ∼fF, granting a high signal-to-noise ratio and low power consumption. Additionally, the 65 nm CMOS imaging technology brings a reduction in material budget and improved logic density of the readout circuitry, compared to previously studied technologies. Given these features, this technology was chosen by the TANGERINE project to develop the next generation of silicon pixel sensors. The sensor design targets temporal and spatial resolutions compatible with the requirements for a vertex detector at future lepton colliders. Simulations and test-beam characterization of technology demonstrators have been carried out in close collaboration with the CERN EP R&D program and the ALICE ITS3 upgrade. TCAD device simulations using generic doping profiles and Monte Carlo simulations have been used to build an understanding of the technology and predict the performance parameters of the sensor. Technology demonstrators of a 65 nm CMOS MAPS with a small collection electrode have been characterized in laboratory and test-beam facilities by studying performance parameters such as cluster size, charge collection, and efficiency. This work compares simulation results to test-beam data. The experimental results establish this technology as a promising candidate for a vertex detector at future lepton colliders and give valuable information for improving the simulation approach.
The Tangerine project: Development of high-resolution 65 nm silicon MAPS Wennlöf, Håkan; Chauhan, Ankur; Del Rio Viera, Manuel ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
09/2022, Letnik:
1039
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The Tangerine project aims to develop new state-of-the-art high-precision silicon detectors. Part of the project has the goal of developing a monolithic active pixel sensor using a novel 65 nm CMOS ...imaging process, with a small collection electrode. This is the first application of this process in particle physics, and it is of great interest as it allows for an increased logic density and reduced power consumption and material budget compared to other processes. The process is envisioned to be used in for example the next ALICE inner tracker upgrade, and in experiments at the electron-ion collider.
The initial goal of the three-year Tangerine project is to develop and test a sensor in a 65 nm CMOS imaging process that can be used in test beam telescopes at DESY, providing excellent spatial resolution and high time resolution, and thus demonstrating the capabilities of the process. The project covers all aspects of sensor R&D, from electronics and sensor design using simulations, to prototype test chip characterisation in labs and at test beams. The sensor design simulations are performed by using a powerful combination of detailed electric field simulations using technology computer-aided design and high-statistics Monte Carlo simulations using the Allpix2 framework. A first prototype test chip in the process has been designed and produced, and successfully operated and tested both in labs and at test beams.
Bilingual education programs implicitly assume that the acquired knowledge is represented in a language-independent way. This assumption, however, stands in strong contrast to research findings ...showing that information may be represented in a way closely tied to the specific language of instruction and learning. The present study aims to examine whether and to which extent cognitive costs appear during arithmetic learning when language of instruction and language of retrieving differ. Thirty-nine high school students participating in a bilingual education program underwent a four-day training on multiplication and subtraction problems in one language (German or French), followed by a test session in which they had to solve trained as well as untrained problems in both languages. We found that cognitive costs related to language switching appeared for both arithmetic operations. Implications of our findings are discussed with respect to bilingual education as well as to cognitive mechanisms underlying different arithmetic operations.
► Cognitive costs occur when switching languages across instruction and retrieval. ► Language switching costs occurred as longer response latencies and lower accuracy. ► Language switching costs occurred in arithmetic problem solving. ► Size of the language switching similar in multiplication and subtraction.
Silicon particle detectors in tracking devices for the high luminosity Large Hadron Collider will suffer from an extremely intense radiation field of mainly hadronic particles. The main radiation ...induced deep defect centres in silicon, responsible for the increase of the dark current and corresponding noise, are the cluster related defect levels E5 and E205a. This work confirms the identification of the E5 level as tri-vacancy (V3). This defect transforms into the tri-vacancy-oxygen complex (V3O) at temperatures above 200°C. The defect concentrations were obtained by means of Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) and Thermally Stimulated Current technique (TSC) performed on float zone (FZ), epitaxially grown (Epi) and Magnetic Czochralski (MCz) silicon diodes, irradiated with 1MeV neutrons and 23GeV protons.
LHCb Vertex Locator prototyping, testing and production Eckstein, Doris
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
05/2006, Letnik:
560, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
LHCb is the experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) dedicated to the study of CP violation in the B-system. Its silicon vertex detector, named VELO for VErtex LOcator, will precisely ...reconstruct the primary pp interaction vertex, the displaced B-decay vertex and tracks originating from them. The use of the VELO in the LHCb trigger together with its operation in a harsh radiation environment puts additional constraints on the design. The project is soon entering the production phase. Recent results on the tests of prototype modules and components are presented with a focus on the sensor and front-end chip performance.
PDF
