The ability to restrict low molecular weight compounds to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may enable an enhanced therapeutic index for molecular targets known to be associated with systemic toxicity. ...Using a triazolopyrazine CSF1R inhibitor scaffold, a broad range of prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated for enhanced delivery to the colon in mice. Subsequently, the preferred cyclodextrin prodrug moiety was appended to a number of CSF1R inhibitory active parent molecules, enabling GI-restricted delivery. Evaluation of a cyclodextrin prodrug in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse colitis model resulted in enhanced GI tissue levels of active parent. At a dose where no significant depletion of systemic monocytes were detected, the degree of pharmacodynamic effect-measured as reduction in macrophages in the colon-was inferior to that observed with a systemically available positive control. This suggests that a suitable therapeutic index cannot be achieved with CSF1R inhibition by using GI-restricted delivery in mice. However, these efforts provide a comprehensive frame-work in which to pursue additional gut-restricted delivery strategies for future GI targets.
Cheminformatic Tools for Medicinal Chemists Muchmore, Steven W; Edmunds, Jeremy J; Stewart, Kent D ...
Journal of medicinal chemistry,
07/2010, Letnik:
53, Številka:
13
Journal Article
Protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) regulates a key step in the activation of T cells. On the basis of its mechanism of action, inhibition of this kinase is hypothesized to serve as an effective therapy for ...autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and psoriasis. Herein, the discovery of a small molecule PKCθ inhibitor is described, starting from a fragment hit 1 and advancing to compound 41 through the use of structure-based drug design. Compound 41 demonstrates excellent in vitro activity, good oral pharmacokinetics, and efficacy in both an acute in vivo mechanistic model and a chronic in vivo disease model but suffers from tolerability issues upon chronic dosing.
We previously demonstrated that selective inhibition of protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) with triazinone 1 resulted in dose-dependent reduction of paw swelling in a mouse model of arthritis. , However, a ...high concentration was required for efficacy, thus providing only a minimal safety window. Herein we describe a strategy to deliver safer compounds based on the hypothesis that optimization of potency in concert with good oral pharmacokinetic (PK) properties would enable in vivo efficacy at reduced exposures, resulting in an improved safety window. Ultimately, transformation of 1 yielded analogues that demonstrated excellent potency and PK properties and fully inhibited IL-2 production in an acute model. In spite of good exposure, twice-a-day treatment with 17l in the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase chronic in vivo mouse model of arthritis yielded only moderate efficacy. On the basis of the exposure achieved, we conclude that PKCθ inhibition alone is insufficient for complete efficacy in this rodent arthritis model.
Factor Xa (FXa) has materialized as a key enzyme for the intervention of the blood coagulation cascade and for the development of new antithrombotic agents. FXa is the lone enzyme responsible for the ...production of thrombin and therefore is an attractive target for the control of thrombus formation. We have designed and synthesized a unique series of quinoxalinone FXa inhibitors. This series resulted in 3-{4-5-((2S,6R)-2,6-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)pentyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxolin-2-yl}benzamidine (35) with 0.83 nM activity against FXa and excellent selectivity over similar serine proteases. An X-ray crystal structure of compound 35 bound to trypsin along with molecular modeling has led to a predicted binding conformation of compound 35 in FXa. Compound 35 has also been proven to be efficacious in vivo in both the rabbit veno-venous shunt and dog electrolytic injury models. In addition, it was shown that compound 35 did not significantly increase bleeding times in a rabbit model except at the highest doses and plasma concentrations were elevated in a dose dependent manner following a bolus dose and continuous intravenous infusion.
Mining of an in-house collection of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists to identify compounds with activity at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) revealed a new series of ...imidazo4,5-bpyridines 2 possessing activity at these two receptors. Early availability of the crystal structure of the lead compound 2a bound to the ligand binding domain of human PPARγ confirmed the mode of interaction of this scaffold to the nuclear receptor and assisted in the optimization of PPARγ activity. Among the new compounds, (S)-3-(5-(2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-2-ethyl-5-isobutyl-7-methyl-3H-imidazo4,5-bpyridine (2l) was identified as a potent angiotensin II type I receptor blocker (IC50 = 1.6 nM) with partial PPARγ agonism (EC50 = 212 nM, 31% max) and oral bioavailability in rat. The dual pharmacology of 2l was demonstrated in animal models of hypertension (SHR) and insulin resistance (ZDF rat). In the SHR, 2l was highly efficacious in lowering blood pressure, while robust lowering of glucose and triglycerides was observed in the male ZDF rat.
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Previous work investigating tricyclic pyrrolopyrazines as kinase cores led to the discovery that 1-cyclohexyl-6H-pyrrolo2,3-e1,2,4triazolo4,3-apyrazine (12) had Jak inhibitory ...activity. Herein we describe our initial efforts to develop orally bioavailable analogs of 12 with improved selectivity of Jak1 over Jak2.
We report the SAR around a series of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-5-carboxamide inhibitors of Sky kinase. 2-Aminophenethyl analogs demonstrate excellent potency but moderate kinase selectivity, while ...2-aminobenzyl analogs that fill the Ala571 subpocket exhibit good inhibition activity and excellent kinase selectivity.
We report the SAR around a series of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-5-carboxamide inhibitors of Sky kinase. 2-Aminophenethyl analogs demonstrate excellent potency but moderate kinase selectivity, while 2-aminobenzyl analogs that fill the Ala571 subpocket exhibit good inhibition activity and excellent kinase selectivity.
We report the design and synthesis of a series of 6-(2,4-diaminopyrimidinyl)-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones that are orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitors of renin.
We report the design and synthesis ...of a series of 6-(2,4-diaminopyrimidinyl)-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones as orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitors of renin. Compounds with a 2-methyl-2-aryl substitution pattern exhibit potent renin inhibition and good permeability, solubility, and metabolic stability. Oral bioavailability was found to be dependent on metabolic clearance and cellular permeability, and was optimized through modulation of the sidechain that binds in the S3
sp subsite.
Novel 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-based small molecule renin inhibitors are disclosed. Through high throughput screening, parallel synthesis, X-ray crystallography, and structure based drug design, we have ...developed the first non-chiral, non-peptidic, small molecular template to possess moderate potency against renin. The designed compounds consist of a novel 6-ethyl-5-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine ring system that exhibit moderate potency (IC
50: 91–650
nM) against renin while remaining ‘Rule-of-five’ compliant.
Novel 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-based small molecule renin inhibitors are disclosed. Through high throughput screening, parallel synthesis, X-ray crystallography, and structure based drug design, we have developed the first non-chiral, non-peptidic, small molecular template to possess moderate potency against renin. The designed compounds consist of a novel 6-ethyl-5-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine ring system that exhibit moderate potency (IC
50: 91–650
nM) against renin while remaining ‘Rule-of-five’ compliant.
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