Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of preoperative hyponatremia on survival after liver transplantation. The variable findings underscore the necessity for performing a ...systematic review to elucidate the potential effects of preoperative hyponatremia.OBJECTIVESNumerous studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of preoperative hyponatremia on survival after liver transplantation. The variable findings underscore the necessity for performing a systematic review to elucidate the potential effects of preoperative hyponatremia.We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and reference lists of articles for observational cohort studies that reported association between preopera-tive hyponatremia and survival after liver transplant in adults regardless of publication year. We used the random-effect model to pool the extracted data for meta-analysis.MATERIALS AND METHODSWe searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and reference lists of articles for observational cohort studies that reported association between preopera-tive hyponatremia and survival after liver transplant in adults regardless of publication year. We used the random-effect model to pool the extracted data for meta-analysis.Meta-analyses of mean difference in serum sodium levels showed that nonsurviving recipients had 2.58 mEq/L lower preoperative serum sodium levels than surviving recipients (0.02; 95% CI, .33-4.83). Two observational methods were used to assess survival after liver transplant of patients with preoperative hyponatremia. According to meta-analyses, no dif-ference in survival was shown between recipients with and without preoperative hyponatremia (sodium> 130 mEq/L) (≤1 month : 0.69 95% CI, 0.9-1.07, 3-month survival: 0.54 95% CI, 0.95-1.02). Second, when we compared posttransplant survival of recipients with preoperative hypo-natremia versus those with normal serum sodium levels (sodium = 130-145 mEq/L), we found that recipients with preoperative hyponatremia had lower survival after liver transplant than those with normal preoperative serum sodium levels.RESULTSMeta-analyses of mean difference in serum sodium levels showed that nonsurviving recipients had 2.58 mEq/L lower preoperative serum sodium levels than surviving recipients (0.02; 95% CI, .33-4.83). Two observational methods were used to assess survival after liver transplant of patients with preoperative hyponatremia. According to meta-analyses, no dif-ference in survival was shown between recipients with and without preoperative hyponatremia (sodium> 130 mEq/L) (≤1 month : 0.69 95% CI, 0.9-1.07, 3-month survival: 0.54 95% CI, 0.95-1.02). Second, when we compared posttransplant survival of recipients with preoperative hypo-natremia versus those with normal serum sodium levels (sodium = 130-145 mEq/L), we found that recipients with preoperative hyponatremia had lower survival after liver transplant than those with normal preoperative serum sodium levels.Liver transplant recipients with preop-erative hyponatremia probably have shorter survival posttransplant than those with normal preoperative serum sodium level.CONCLUSIONSLiver transplant recipients with preop-erative hyponatremia probably have shorter survival posttransplant than those with normal preoperative serum sodium level.
Phenytoin is a widely used antiepileptic drug. However, hepatotoxicity is one of its adverse effects reported in some patients. The mechanism(s) by which phenytoin causes hepatotoxicity is not clear ...yet. This study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic mechanism(s) of phenytoin toward rat hepatocytes (whose cytochrome P450 enzymes had been induced by Phenobarbital). Furthermore, the effect of taurine and/or melatonin on this toxicity was investigated. Cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and mitochondrial depolarization were monitored as toxicity markers. Results showed that phenytoin caused an elevation in ROS formation, depletion of intracellular reduced glutathione, increase in cellular oxidized glutathione, enhancement of LPO, and mitochondrial damage. Taurine (1 mM) and/or melatonin (1 mM) administration decreased the intensity of cellular injury caused by phenytoin. This study suggests the protective role of taurine and/or melatonin against phenytoin-induced cellular damage probably through their reactive radical scavenging properties and their effects on mitochondria.
Cell junctions and oral health Samiei, Mohammad; Ahmadian, Elham; Eftekhari, Aziz ...
EXCLI journal,
01/2019, Letnik:
18
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The oral cavity and its appendices are exposed to considerable environmental and mechanical stress. Cell junctions play a pivotal role in this context. Among those, gap junctions permit the exchange ...of compounds between cells, thereby controlling processes such as cell growth and differentiation. Tight junctions restrict paracellular transportation and inhibit movement of integral membrane proteins between the different plasma membrane poles. Adherens junctions attach cells one to another and provide a solid backbone for resisting to mechanistical stress. The integrity of oral mucosa, normal tooth development and saliva secretion depend on the proper function of all these types of cell junctions. Furthermore, deregulation of junctional proteins and/or mutations in their genes can alter tissue functioning and may result in various human disorders, including dental and periodontal problems, salivary gland malfunction, hereditary and infectious diseases as well as tumorigenesis. The present manuscript reviews the role of cell junctions in the (patho)physiology of the oral cavity and its appendices, including salivary glands.
Although ureteroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure, there have been reports of some minor and major complications, from self-limited to complicated events such as ureteral avulsion, urosepsis, ...and even death due to cerebrovascular accidents and deep vein thrombosis. Herein, we aim to report seven patients who presented with cardiovascular collapse during ureteroscopy in a 19-year period from January 2002 to January 2021.
Methimazole is used as an antithyroid drug to control the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and maintain patients in a euthyroid state. Administration of this drug is associated with agranulocytosis and ...hepatotoxicity, which are the two most significant adverse effects. The present investigation was conducted to study the protective role of taurine against cytotoxicity induced by methimazole and its proposed reactive intermediary metabolite, N-methylthiourea, in an in vitro model of isolated rat hepatocytes.At different points in time, markers such as cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and hepatocyte glutathione content were evaluated.Treating hepatocytes with methimazole resulted in cytotoxicity characterized by the reduction in cell viability, an increase in ROS formation and lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and a reduction in cellular glutathione content. Furthermore, a significant amount of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was formed when rat hepatocytes were treated with methimazole. N-methylthiourea toxicity was accompanied by a reduction in cellular GSH content, but no significant changes in lipid peroxidation, ROS formation, GSSG production, or changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were detected. Administration of taurine (200 μM) effectively reduced the toxic effects of methimazole or its metabolite in isolated rat hepatocytes.
Patients with end-stage liver diseases who undergo liver transplantation may suffer from hypotension related to the liver disease itself or related to the surgical procedure. Because ...electro-acupuncture (EA) at the Neiguan (PC-6) and the Jianshi (PC-5) points influences hemodynamics, we hypothesize that electro-acupuncture at the traditionally used acupuncture points will reduce the severity of hypotension in patients who undergo liver transplantation.
Forty patients with end-stage liver disease who underwent orthotropic deceased donor liver transplantation were randomized into two groups. The norepinephrine (NE) group received norepinephrine as a vasoconstrictor, and the electro-acupuncture group received EA at the PC-5 and the PC-6 points for treatment of hypotension during anesthesia for the liver transplantation. The patients were monitored, during the three stages of liver transplantation by using hemodynamic parameters.
During the three stages of liver transplantation, there were no significant differences in the hemodynamic measurements including the mean arterial pressure, heart rate and central venous pressure between the two groups (p>0.05).
Electro-acupuncture at the acupuncture points reduced the severity and the incidence of hypotension during anesthesia for liver transplantation.
Silicon is the element very similar to carbon, and bioactive siliconized compounds have therefore received much attention. Siliconization of a compound enhances its biological activities. In the ...present study the hypolipidemic effect and toxicity of clofibrate and its siliconized analog, silafibrate, were compared. The experiments were performed in hypercholesterolemicWistar rats. Animals received high fat diet with 62.75% normal chow, 2% cholesterol, 0.25% cholic acid, 15% lard oil, 10% wheat flour and 10% sucrose.Silafibrate(40 mg/kg/day) produced a predominant reduction in the serum levels of total cholesterol (28.4%, p < 0.001), triglycerides (62%, p < 0.0001) and low-density lipoproteins (27%, p < 0.001) being more effective than the reference drug clofibrate (20%, 40%, 14.5%; p < 0.05). Similarly, it increased the total antioxidant levels in serum by 40% (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, treatment with silafibrate also reduced the malondialdehyde(MDA) concentration by 41% (p < 0.05). LD50 of silafibrate, given orally,was greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight inalbino mice while LD50 for clofibrate was calculated to be 1220 mg/kg. Thirty-day subacute toxicity was also evaluated with oral daily dose at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight in Wistarrats. No significant changes in body weight, food intake, behavior, mortality, hematology, blood biochemistry, vital organ weight were detected. The results of this study indicate that the effectiveness and safety of thehypolipidemic drug, clofibrate, were enhanced remarkably by replacing chlorine atom in its phenoxy ring with trimethylsilyl.
Statins are potent cholesterol-lowering drugs that can have serious adverse effects on the muscles and liver. The aim of our in vitro study was to establish the protective effect of coenzyme Q
(CoQ
, ...in its optimal dose of 200 μmol L
) against cytotoxicity induced by atorvastatin, simvastatin, and lovastatin in isolated rat hepatocytes by observing parameters such as cell death, reactive oxygen species formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cellular reduced and oxidised glutathione content. Our findings have shown that pretreatment with CoQ
was effective in reducing the toxic effects of statins in rat hepatocytes. This work demonstrates that the addition of CoQ
to statin treatment regimens may protect hepatocytes (and also other types of cells) from statin-induced injuries and alleviate their side effects.
Statini su snažni lijekovi za snižavanje kolesterola, koji mogu izazvati ozbiljne nuspojave u mišićima i jetrima. Svrha je ovog in vitro istraživanja bila utvrditi zaštitno djelovanje koenzima Q
(CoQ
, u optimalnoj dozi od 200 μmol L
) protiv citotoksičnosti atorvastatina, simvastatina i lovastatina u izoliranih štakorskih hepatocita kroz parametre poput vijabilnosti, nastanka reaktivnih kisikovih čestica, lipidne peroksidacije, potencijala mitohondrijske membrane te reduciranog i oksidiranog glutationa. Rezultati su pokazali da predtretman štakorskih hepatocita CoQ
djelotvorno ublažava toksične učinke statina te da bi njegovo kombiniranje sa statinima moglo zaštititi hepatocite (i druge vrste stanica) od oštećenja izazvanih statinima te ublažiti nuspojave povezane s ovim lijekovima.
Context
Attenuating postreperfusion syndrome during orthotopic liver transplant is very important for transplant anesthesiologists because of the syndrome's complications. Oxygen-derived free ...radicals play an important role in the genesis of postreperfusion syndrome, but the effect of mannitol (a free radical scavenger) on attenuating the syndrome is unclear.
Objectives
To investigate the effectiveness of infusing mannitol during the anhepatic phase in preventing postreperfusion syndrome, as indicated by postreperfusion cardiac output and central venous oxygen saturation.
Design
In a randomized clinical trial, 53 patients who had undergone orthotopic liver transplant were allocated to 2 groups. During the anhepatic phase, patients in the mannitol group received 1g/kg mannitol, whereas those in the control group received physiological saline. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and central venous oxygen saturation were measured before and after the portal vein was declamped. Serum levels of sodium and potassium were recorded at baseline and after portal vein declamping.
Setting
Shiraz Organ Transplant Center, Shiraz, Iran.
Results
In the mannitol group, no significant change was found in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and central venous oxygen saturation before and after declamping of the portal vein (P= .78, P= .59, and P= .83, respectively). However, after declamping in the control group, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and central venous oxygen saturation were significantly lower than before declamping (P= .003, P= .001, and P <.001, respectively). No significant change in serum levels of sodium and potassium from baseline to after declamping were found in either group.
Conclusion
Infusion of mannitol 1 g/kg during the anhepatic phase was effective in attenuating postreperfusion syndrome without stress about hyperkalemia or hyponatremia during anesthesia.
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