Investigating Variation in Replicability Klein, Richard A.; Ratliff, Kate A.; Vianello, Michelangelo ...
Social psychology (Göttingen, Germany),
01/2014, Letnik:
45, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Although replication is a central tenet of science, direct replications are rare
in psychology. This research tested variation in the replicability of 13 classic and
contemporary effects across 36 ...independent samples totaling 6,344 participants. In the
aggregate, 10 effects replicated consistently. One effect - imagined contact reducing
prejudice - showed weak support for replicability. And two effects - flag priming
influencing conservatism and currency priming influencing system justification - did not
replicate. We compared whether the conditions such as lab versus online or US versus
international sample predicted effect magnitudes. By and large they did not. The results of
this small sample of effects suggest that replicability is more dependent on the effect itself
than on the sample and setting used to investigate the effect.
Responds to the comments made by Monin and Oppenheimer (see record 2014-37961-001), Ferguson et al. (see record 2014-38072-001), Crisp et al. (see record 2014-38072-002), and Schwarz & Strack (see ...record 2014-38072-003) on the current authors original article (see record 2014-20922-002). The current authors thank the commentators for their productive discussion of the Many Labs project. They entirely agree with the main theme across the commentaries: direct replication does not guarantee that the same effect was tested. As noted by Nosek and Lakens (2014, p. 137), ‘‘direct replication is the attempt to duplicate the conditions and procedure that existing theory and evidence anticipate as necessary for obtaining the effect.’’ Attempting to do so does not guarantee success, but it does provide substantial opportunity for theoretical development building on empirical evidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Commentaries and Rejoinder on Monin, Benoît; Oppenheimer, Daniel M.; Ferguson, Melissa J. ...
Social psychology (Göttingen, Germany),
05/2014, Letnik:
45, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
While direct replications such as the “Many Labs” project are extremely valuable in testing the reliability of published findings across laboratories, they reflect the common reliance in psychology ...on single vignettes or stimuli, which limits the scope of the conclusions that can be reached. New experimental tools and statistical techniques make it easier to routinely sample stimuli, and to appropriately treat them as random factors. We encourage researchers to get into the habit of including multiple versions of the content (e.g., stimuli or vignettes) in their designs, to increase confidence in cross-stimulus generalization and to yield more realistic estimates of effect size. We call on editors to be aware of the challenges inherent in such stimulus sampling, to expect and tolerate unexplained variability in observed effect size between stimuli, and to encourage stimulus sampling instead of the deceptively cleaner picture offered by the current reliance on single stimuli.
Commentaries and Rejoinder on Klein et al. (2014) Monin, Benoît; Oppenheimer, Daniel M; Ferguson, Melissa J ...
Social psychology (Göttingen, Germany),
01/2014, Letnik:
45, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Presents a series of commentaries and the rejoinder regarding the original article by Klein et al. "Investigating variation in replicability: A ‘‘Many Labs’’ replication project," (see record ...2014-20922-002), which tested variation in the replicability of 13 classic and contemporary effects across 36 independent samples totaling 6,344 participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
This dataset is from the Many Labs Replication Project 1 in which 13 effects were replicated across 36 samples and over 6,000 participants. Data from the replications are included, along with ...demographic variables about the participants and contextual information about the environment in which the replication was conducted. Data were collected in-lab and online through a standardized procedure administered via an online link. The dataset is stored on the Open Science Framework website. These data could be used to further investigate the results of the included 13 effects or to study replication and generalizability more broadly. Keywords: replication, generalizability, context
Ovarian cancer is a lethal gynecologic malignancy with greater than 70% of women presenting with advanced stage disease. Despite new treatments, long term outcomes have not significantly changed in ...the past 30 years with the five-year overall survival remaining between 20% and 40% for stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ disease. In contrast patients with stage Ⅰ disease have a greater than 90% five-year overall survival. Detection of ovarian cancer at an early stage would likely have significant impact on mortality rate. Screening biomarkers discovered at the bench have not translated to success in clinical trials. Existing screening modalities have not demonstrated survival benefit in completed prospective trials. Advances in high throughput screening are making it possible to evaluate the development of ovarian cancer in ways never before imagined. Data in the form of human "-omes" including the proteome, genome, metabolome, and transcriptome are now available in various packaged forms. With the correct pooling of resources including prospective collection of patient specimens, integration of high throughput screening, and use of molecular heterogeneity in biomarker discovery, we are poised to make progress in ovarian cancer screening. This review will summarize current biomarkers, imaging, and multimodality screening strategies in the context of emerging technologies.
FGFR3-altered urothelial cancer (UC) correlates with a non-T cell-inflamed phenotype and has therefore been postulated to be less responsive to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Preclinical work ...suggests FGFR3 signalling may suppress pathways such as interferon signalling that alter immune microenvironment composition. However, correlative studies examining clinical trials have been conflicting as to whether FGFR altered tumours have equivalent response and survival to ICB in patients with metastatic UC. These findings have yet to be validated in real world data, therefore we evaluated clinical outcomes of patients with FGFR3-altered metastatic UC treated with ICB and investigate the underlying immunogenomic mechanisms of response and resistance.
103 patients with metastatic UC treated with ICB at a single academic medical center from 2014 to 2018 were identified. Clinical annotation for demographics and cancer outcomes, as well as somatic DNA and RNA sequencing, were performed. Objective response rate to ICB, progression-free survival, and overall survival was compared between patients with FGFR3-alterations and those without. RNA expression, including molecular subtyping and T cell receptor clonality, was also compared between FGFR3-altered and non-altered patients.
Our findings from this dataset confirm that FGFR3-altered (n = 17) and wild type (n = 86) bladder cancers are equally responsive to ICB (12 vs 19%, p = 0.73). Moreover, we demonstrate that despite being less inflamed, FGFR3-altered tumours have equivalent T cell receptor (TCR) diversity and that the balance of a CD8 T cell gene expression signature to immune suppressive features is an important determinant of ICB response.
Our work in a real world dataset validates prior observations from clinical trials but also extends this prior work to demonstrate that FGFR3-altered and wild type tumours have equivalent TCR diversity and that the balance of effector T cell to immune suppression signals are an important determinant of ICB response.
We present results from our 47 night imaging campaign of Comet 41P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresák conducted from Lowell Observatory between 2017 February 16 and July 2. Coma morphology revealed gas jets, ...whose appearance and motion as a function of time yielded the rotation period and other properties. All narrowband CN images exhibited either one or two jets; one jet appeared as a partial face-on spiral with clockwise rotation, while the second jet evolved from a side-on corkscrew, through face-on, to corkscrew again, with only a slow evolution throughout the apparition due to progressive viewing geometry changes. A total of 78 period determinations were made over a 7 week interval, yielding a smooth and accelerating rotation period starting at 24 hr (March 21 and 22) and passing 48 hr on April 28. While this is by far the fastest rate of change ever measured for a comet nucleus, the torque required is readily within what can exist given likely properties of the nucleus. If the torque remained constant, we estimate that the nucleus could have stopped rotating and/or begun to tumble as soon as only 2 months following perihelion and will certainly reach this stage by early in the next apparition. Working backward in time, Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresák would have been rotating near its rotational breakup velocity three to four orbits earlier, suggesting that its extreme 7 mag outburst observed in 2001 might have been caused by a partial fragmentation at that time, as might the pair of 1973 8 mag outbursts if there had been an earlier spin-down and spin-up cycle.
Differences in zooplankton populations in relation to climate have been explored extensively on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, specifically in relation to recruitment of the commercially ...important species walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus). We addressed two research questions in this study: (i) Does the relative abundance of individual copepod species life history stages differ across warm and cold periods and (ii) Do estimated secondary production rates for copepods differ across warm and cold periods? For most copepod species, warmer conditions resulted in increased abundances in May, the opposite was observed in colder conditions. Abundances of smaller‐sized copepod species did not differ significantly between the warm and cold periods, whereas abundances of larger‐sized Calanus spp. increased during the cold period during July and September. Estimated secondary production rates in the warm period were highest in May for smaller‐sized copepods; production in the cold period was dominated by the larger‐sized Calanus spp. in July and September. We hypothesize that these observed patterns are a function of temperature‐driven changes in phenology combined with shifts in size‐based trophic relationships with primary producers. Based on this hypothesis, we present a conceptual model that builds upon the Oscillating Control Hypothesis to explain how variability in copepod production links to pollock variability. Specifically, fluctuations in spring sea‐ice drive regime‐dependent copepod production over the southeastern Bering Sea, but greatest impacts to upper trophic levels are driven by cascading July/September differences in copepod production.
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