There is serious concern about the potential harmful effects of certain nanomaterials (NMs), on account of their ability to penetrate cell membranes and the increased reactivity that results from ...their increased surface area compared with bulk chemicals. To assess the safety of NMs, reliable tests are needed. We have investigated the possible genotoxicity of four representative NMs, derived from titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, cerium oxide and silver, in two human cell lines, A549 alveolar epithelial cells and lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. A high-throughput version of the comet assay was used to measure DNA strand beaks (SBs) as well as oxidised purines (converted to breaks with the enzyme formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase). In parallel, cytotoxicity was measured with the alamarBlue® assay, and the ability of NM-treated cells to survive was assessed by their colony-forming efficiency. TiO
and CeO
NMs were only slightly cytotoxic by the alamarBlue® test, and had no long-term effect on colony-forming efficiency. However, both induced DNA damage at non-cytotoxic concentrations; the damage decreased from 3 to 24-h exposure, except in the case of CeO
-treated A549 cells. ZnO and Ag NMs affected cell survival, and induced high levels of DNA damage at cytotoxic concentrations. At lower concentrations, there was significant damage, which tended to persist over 24 h. The implication is that all four reference metal NMs tested-whether cytotoxic or not-are genotoxic. A full assessment of NM toxicity should include tests on different cell types, different times of incubation and a wide range of (especially non-cytotoxic) concentrations; a test for cell viability should be performed in parallel. Inclusion of Fpg in the comet assay allows detection of indirect genotoxic effects via oxidative stress.
Changes in the genetic material can lead to serious human health defects, as mutations in somatic cells may cause cancer and can contribute to other chronic diseases. Genotoxic events can appear at ...both the DNA, chromosomal or (during mitosis) whole genome level. The study of mechanisms leading to genotoxicity is crucially important, as well as the detection of potentially genotoxic compounds. We consider the current state of the art and describe here the main endpoints applied in standard human in vitro models as well as new advanced 3D models that are closer to the in vivo situation. We performed a literature review of in vitro studies published from 2000–2020 (August) dedicated to the genotoxicity of nanomaterials (NMs) in new models. Methods suitable for detection of genotoxicity of NMs will be presented with a focus on advances in miniaturization, organ-on-a-chip and high throughput methods.
Epigenetic dysregulation has been recognized as a critical factor contributing to the development of resistance against standard chemotherapy and to breast cancer progression via ...epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Although the efficacy of the first-generation epigenetic drugs (epi-drugs) in solid tumor management has been disappointing, there is an increasing body of evidence showing that epigenome modulation, in synergy with other therapeutic approaches, could play an important role in cancer treatment, reversing acquired therapy resistance. However, the epigenetic therapy of solid malignancies is not straightforward. The emergence of nanotechnologies applied to medicine has brought new opportunities to advance the targeted delivery of epi-drugs while improving their stability and solubility, and minimizing off-target effects. Furthermore, the omics technologies, as powerful molecular epidemiology screening tools, enable new diagnostic and prognostic epigenetic biomarker identification, allowing for patient stratification and tailored management. In combination with new-generation epi-drugs, nanomedicine can help to overcome low therapeutic efficacy in treatment-resistant tumors. This review provides an overview of ongoing clinical trials focusing on combination therapies employing epi-drugs for breast cancer treatment and summarizes the latest nano-based targeted delivery approaches for epi-drugs. Moreover, it highlights the current limitations and obstacles associated with applying these experimental strategies in the clinics.
Purpose
Coffee is known to contain phytochemicals with antioxidant potential. The aim of this study was to investigate possible antioxidant effects of coffee in healthy human volunteers.
Methods
A ...placebo-controlled intervention trial was carried out on 160 healthy human subjects, randomised into three groups, receiving 3 or 5 cups of study coffee or water per day, for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken before, during, and after the intervention. Serum was used for analysis of blood lipids and standard clinical chemistry analytes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, and DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidised bases) was measured with the comet assay. The lipid oxidation product isoprostane 8-iso-PGF2α was assayed in urine samples by LC–MS/MS.
Results
There was no significant effect of coffee consumption on the markers of oxidation of DNA and lipids. Creatinine (in serum) increased by a few per cent in all groups, and the liver enzyme γ-glutamyl transaminase was significantly elevated in serum in the 5 cups/day group. Other clinical markers (including glucose and insulin), cholesterol, triacylglycerides, and inflammatory markers were unchanged. There was no effect of coffee on blood pressure.
Conclusion
In a carefully controlled clinical trial with healthy subjects, up to 5 cups of coffee per day had no detectable effect, either beneficial or harmful, on human health.
Advanced technologies seek for development of new materials and substances with extraordinary physicochemical properties at nanoscale level that boosts their increased use in everyday life. ...Manufacture of metal nanomaterials, including iron, carries the risk of their emission to surface waters. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) plays an important role in the transport of pollutants, such as metals which are an essential component of surface waters. The humic substances (HA), part of the SPM, interact with metal ions present in the aquatic environment. However, the previously available data on these compounds were obtained at the macro level and only scant information exist on nanomaterials. Thus, the present work has focused on the relationship between humic substances and nanosized particles, such as n-Fe₂O₃, in environmental acids.
The genotoxicity of anatase/rutile TiO
nanoparticles (TiO
NPs, NM105 at 3, 15 and 75 µg/cm
) was assessed with the mammalian in-vitro Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (
) gene mutation ...test in Chinese hamster lung (V79) fibroblasts after 24 h exposure. Two dispersion procedures giving different size distribution and dispersion stability were used to investigate whether the effects of TiO
NPs depend on the state of agglomeration. TiO
NPs were fully characterised in the previous European FP7 projects NanoTEST and NanoREG2. Uptake of TiO
NPs was measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TiO
NPs were found in cytoplasmic vesicles, as well as close to the nucleus. The internalisation of TiO
NPs did not depend on the state of agglomeration and dispersion used. The cytotoxicity of TiO
NPs was measured by determining both the relative growth activity (RGA) and the plating efficiency (PE). There were no substantial effects of exposure time (24, 48 and 72 h), although a tendency to lower RGA at longer exposure was observed. No significant difference in PE values and no increases in the
gene mutant frequency were found in exposed relative to unexposed cultures in spite of evidence of uptake of NPs by cells.
2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), used in many categories of personal care products (PCPs), is one of the most discussed ultraviolet filters because of its endocrine-disrupting effects. EHMC is ...unstable in sunlight and can be transformed from trans-EHMC to emergent cis-EHMC. Toxicological studies are focusing only on trans-EHMC; thus the toxicological data for cis-EHMC are missing. In this study, the in vitro genotoxic effects of trans- and cis-EHMC on adult human liver stem cells HL1-hT1 and human-derived lymphoblastoid cells TK-6 using a high-throughput comet assay were studied.
TK-6 cells treated with cis-EHMC showed a high level of DNA damage when compared to untreated cells in concentrations 1.56 to 25μgmL−1. trans-EHMC showed genotoxicity after exposure to the two highest concentrations 12.5 and 25μgmL−1. The increase in DNA damage on HL1-hT1 cells induced by cis-EHMC and trans-EHMC was detected at the concentration 25μgmL−1. The No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL, mg kg−1bwday−1) was determined using a Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) approach: NOAELtrans-EHMC=3.07, NOAELcis-EHMC=0.30 for TK-6 and NOAELtrans-EHMC=26.46, NOAELcis-EHMC=20.36 for HL1-hT1. The hazard index (HI) was evaluated by comparing the reference dose (RfD, mgkg−1bwday−1) obtained from our experimental data with the chronic daily intake (CDI) of the female population. Using comet assay experimental data with the more sensitive TK-6 cells, HIcis-EHMC was 7 times higher than HItrans-EHMC. In terms of CDI, relative contributions were; dermal exposure route>oral>inhalation. According to our results we recommend the RfDtrans-EHMC=0.20 and RfDcis-EHMC=0.02 for trans-EHMC and cis-EHMC, respectively, to use for human health risk assessment.
The significant difference in trans-EHMC and cis-EHMC response points to the need for toxicological reevaluation and application reassessment of both isomers in PCPs.
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•Photoisomerisation product – cis-EHMC was used in comet assay for the first time•Adult human liver stem cells HLh-T1 were used for the first time in comet assay•In the study, the QIVIVE approach for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation was used•cis-EHMC may cause seven times higher risks in female population than trans-EHMC
The Alamar Blue (AB) assay is widely used to investigate cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and cellular metabolic activity within different fields of toxicology. The use of the assay with ...nanomaterials (NMs) entails specific aspects including the potential interference of NMs with the test. The procedure of the AB assay applied for testing NMs is described in detail and step-by-step, from NM preparation, cell exposure, inclusion of interference controls, to the analysis and interpretation of the results. Provided that the proper procedure is followed, and relevant controls are included, the AB assay is a reliable and high throughput test to evaluate the cytotoxicity/proliferation/metabolic response of cells exposed to NMs.
The main goal of this research was to study the interactions of a fully characterized set of silver nanomaterials (Ag ENMs) with cells in vitro, according to the standards of Good Laboratory ...Practices (GLP), to assure the quality of nanotoxicology research. We were interested in whether Ag ENMs synthesized by the same method, with the same size distribution, shape and specific surface area, but with different charges and surface compositions could give different biological responses.
A range of methods and toxicity endpoints were applied to study the impacts of interaction of the Ag ENMs with TK6 cells. As tests of viability, relative growth activity and trypan blue exclusion were applied. Genotoxicity was evaluated by the alkaline comet assay for detection of strand breaks and oxidized purines. The mutagenic potential of Ag ENMs was investigated with the in vitro HPRT gene mutation test on V79-4 cells according to the OECD protocol. Ag ENM agglomeration, dissolution as well as uptake and distribution within the cells were investigated as crucial aspects of Ag ENM toxicity. Ag ENM stabilizers were included in addition to positive and negative controls.
Different cytotoxic effects were observed including membrane damage, cell cycle arrest and cell death. Ag ENMs also induced various kinds of DNA damage including strand breaks and DNA oxidation, and caused gene mutation. We found that positive Ag ENMs had greater impact on cyto- and genotoxicity than did Ag ENMs with neutral or negative charge, assumed to be related to their greater uptake into cells and to their presence in the nucleus and mitochondria, implying that Ag ENMs might induce toxicity by both direct and indirect mechanisms.
We showed that Ag ENMs could be cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic. Our experiments with the HPRT gene mutation assay demonstrated that surface chemical composition plays a significant role in Ag ENM toxicity.
The DNA in eukaryotic cells is organized into loop domains that represent basic structural and functional units of chromatin packaging. The comet assay, a sensitive method for monitoring DNA damage ...and repair, involves electrophoresis of nucleoids comprising supercoiled DNA attached to the nuclear matrix. Breaks in the DNA relax the supercoiling and allow DNA loops to expand, and on electrophoresis to move towards the anode, giving the appearance of a comet tail. We use fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to investigate the structure of the chromatin within comet preparations and to study specific DNA sequences within comets. In this chapter we describe our FISH comets protocols, deal with some technical questions and outline the theory. FISH with comets should be useful to researchers interested in the structural organization of DNA and chromatin, the localization of DNA damage, and the kinetics of repair of damage.
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